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2.11 Angelica Species
2.11.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
The root of Angelica gigas Nakai (Fam. – Umbelliferae), growing in the high mountains of the Gangwon-do region in Korea, is known to be a beneficial herbal medicine, which is used in the treatment of various gynecological disorders, chills, anemia, circulatory disorders, and psychological symptoms. A. gigas Nakai contains several medicinally important constituents such as decursin, decursinol angelate, and immunostimulating polysaccharides. Recently, the cytotoxic activity of decursin as a potential anticancer drug has been reported along with an extracellular immunostimulating polysaccharide produced by suspension cultures of A. gigas (Ahn et al. 1996, 1998). Angelica dahurica var. Formosana is a perennial herb and indigenous plant of Taiwan (Chen et al. 1994) and is normally known as “Bai Zhi” in Chinese as a significant herbal drug used for curing of headache and psoriasis (Zhou 1980). The imperatorin is reported to be the major bioactive principle for treatment of the skin diseases (Zhou et al. 1988).
Angelica gigas root fraction was investigated for the isolation of bergapten, decursinol angelate, decursin, nodakenetin, and nodakenin. The antimicrobial activities of these isolated phytoconstituents were tested against bacterial strains. Out of these phytochemicals tested, decursinol angelate and decursin demonstrated maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 50 and 12.5 μg/ml (Lee et al. 2003). Similarly, the methanolic extract of the dried roots of A. gigas were also used for the determination of coumarins (nodakenin, peucedanone, marmesin, decursinol, 7-hydroxy-6-(2R-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)coumarin, demethylsuberosin, decursin, decursinol angelate, and isoimperatorin) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/MS, HPLC-ESI/MS). For the determination of coumarins, the following HPLC conditions were used: reversed-phase C18 column (5 μm, 4.5 mm × 250 mm), gradient acetonitrile-water solvent system, and flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The analysis of six coumarins (nodakenin, marmesin, decursinol, demethylsuberosin, decursin, and decursinol angelate) with DAD at 330 nm and demonstrated excellent linearity (r(2) = 0.998 − 0.999) in a range of 0.2–250 μg/ml for all the compounds. Each peak was identified with ESI–MS(n), while the remaining compounds (peucedanone, 7-hydroxy-6-(2R-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)coumarin, and isoimperatorin) could not been quantified by DAD because these peaks were overlapped with others, so these compounds were determined by HPLC-ESI/MS (Ahn et al. 2008). Similarly, the isoliquiritin was also determined by HPLC from A. gigantis (Hwang et al. 2014).
Angelica dahurica and Angelica pubescentis roots were investigated for the presence of essential oils and their antifungal activities were assessed. The essential oils of A. pubescentis roots exhibited very weak antifungal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum fragariae, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, while A. dahurica essential oils did not demonstrate any antifungal activity against selected fungi. The essential oils of A. dahurica roots possessed activity against Aedes aegypti and Stephanitis pyrioides. From A. dahurica and A. pubescentis roots, the α-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, 1-dodecanol, and terpinen-4-ol, α-pinene, p-cymene, limonene, and cryptone were isolated and characterized (Tabanca et al. 2014).
