structures of Isoimperatorin and Peucedanone."/> 2.11.2 Culture Conditions
The effects of GA3 and chlormequat chloride on biomass and quality of A. dahurica var. Formosana plants were investigated. Plants were sprayed with GA3 or chlormequat chloride during rosette growth stage, and coumarin content was analyzed by HPLC. Two coumarins in roots were detected: isoimperatorin and imperatorin. The root content of imperatorin was not affected by application of either GA3 or chlormequat chloride, while isoimperatorin was increased to 127% after treatment with chlormequat chloride. The lowest concentrations of GA3 and chlormequat chloride increased root yield. Authors were observed that GA3 and chlormequat chloride might be used in improving the yield of A. dahurica var. Formosana and maintaining the coumarin content (Hou et al. 2013). The callus induction was achieved from petiole cultured on a culture medium supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetin. By enhancing the phosphate concentration in the basal culture medium to 2 mM and using an ammonium to nitrate ratio of 2 : 1, the production of imperatorin was increased in cell suspension cultures. It was also found that glucose demonstrated better results in enhancing the higher yield of imperatoin when used to be a better carbon source than sucrose and fructose. The supplementation of BA to the culture medium enhanced imperatorin yield, while auxins when used as additives to the culture medium decreased it. Supplementing the medium with Amberlite XAD-7 increased imperatorin yield 140-fold in the cell cultures of A. dahurica var. Formosana (Tsay et al. 1994; Tsay 1999; Cho et al. 2000).
Angelica gigas produces decursin and decursinol angelate, demonstrated neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti-androgen receptor-signaling activities. Explant tissues were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes carrying the pK2GW7-GUS binary vector. After six to eight weeks of co-cultivation with Ag. rhizogenes, kanamycin-resistant roots appeared on explants maintained on hormone-free medium. Isolated hairy roots were transferred in liquid medium containing half-strength Schenk and Hildebrandt salt and sugar. Detection of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, high levels of β-glucuronidase (GUS) transcripts, and GUS histochemical localization confirmed the integrative transformation (Shi-yu and Kuo-chang 1989; Park et al. 2010). The accumulation of phytosterol and triterpene was increased by Panax ginseng Farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes in the Centella asiatica cell cultures (Kim et al. 2010). Similarly, the flavonoid biosynthesis of Glycyrrhiza uralensis was enhanced by transforming hairy roots by licorice chalcone isomerase gene (Zhang et al. 2009). The production of tropane alkaloids was provoked by transferring the tropinone reductase I genes in hairy root cultures of Anisodus acutangulus (Kai et al. 2009). The levels of hyoscyamine (twofold higher) and scopolamine (eightfold higher) were higher than those of the control in hairy root cultures of An. acutangulus. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was induced by transformation of hairy roots of Beta vulgaris by p-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase gene (Rahman et al. 2009).
References
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2 Ahn, K.-S., Sim, W.S., Kim, H.M. et al. (1998). Immunostimulating polysaccharide from cell culture of Angelica gigas Nakai. Biotechnol. Lett. 20: 5–7.
3 Ahn, M.J., Lee, M.K., Kim, Y.C., and Sung, S.H. (2008). The simultaneous determination of coumarins in Angelica gigas root by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector coupled with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 46: 258–266.
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2.12 Arnebia Species
2.12.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry
Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) Johnston (Fam. – Boraginaceae) is a Himalayan medicinal plant found in Western
