hellebrigenin-3-acetate, and bryophyllins A and B were characterized from K. gracilis (Wu et al. 2006). Kalandaigremosides A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H were isolated and characterized from the roots of K. daigremontiana (Moniuszko-Szajwaj et al. 2016; Kolodziejczyk-Czepas and Stochmal 2017). The 5′-methyl 4′,5,7-trihydroxylflavone, 4′,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methyl-5′-propenamine anthocyanidins, 2,24-epiclerosterol [24(R)-stigmasta-5,25-dien-3β-ol], 24(R)-5α-stigmasta-7,25-dien-3β-ol, 5α-stigmast-24-en-3β-ol and 25-methyl-5α-ergost-24(28)-en-3β-ol, 1-octane-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranoside (Akihisa et al. 1991), isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnopyranoside, 40-methoxy-myricetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnopyranoside and protocatechuic-4′-O-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside, bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate, bufadienolide (bryophyllin B), bryophyllin C, stigmast-4,20(21),23-trien-3-one, stigmata-5-en-3β-ol, α-amyrin-β-D-glucopyranoside and n-undecanyl n-octadec-9-en-1-oate and n-dodecanyl-n-octadec-9-en-1-oate were isolated from B. pinnatum (Mandach et al. 2006; Quazi et al. 2011; Yamagishi et al. 1989; Almedia and Costa 2006; Anjoo and Kumar 2010). Bryophyllin B, potent cytotoxic compound, was isolated from B. pinnatum and its identity was confirmed by spectral data analysis (Yamagishi et al. 1989). Besides bryophyllin B, bryophyllin A, bersaldegenin-3-acetate (Yamagishi et al. 1988), bersaldegenin-1-acetate, bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate, and bufalin were characterized from B. pinnatum leaves (Oufir et al. 2015).
The diosmin, acacetin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-cis-p-coumaric acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, myricitrin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercitrin, syringic acid, and β-D-glucopyranosyl ester were isolated from B. pinnatum (Fürer et al. 2013). The 5′-methyl 4′,5,7-trihydroxylflavone and 4′,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methyl-5′-propenamine anthocyanidin were isolated from B. pinnatum and showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger (Okwu and Nnamdi 2011). Kapinnatoside, quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and 4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,8-dimethoxyflavone 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were identified from K. pinnata (Muzitano et al. 2006a). The stigmast-4,20(21),23-trien-3-one along with stigmata-5-en-3β-ol, α-amyrin-β-D-glucopyranoside, n-undecanyl-n-octadec-9-en-1-oate, and n-dodecanyl-n-octadec-9-en-1-oate were isolated from B. pinnatum, and the stigmast-4,20(21),23-trien-3-one showed anti-inflammatory when compared with diclofenac (Afzal et al. 2012). The p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were purified by preparative thin layer chromatography from NaHCO3-soluble ether extract of the defatted leaves of K. pinnata (Gaind and Gupta 1973). A mixture of bryotoxins B and C were separated from the flowers of Bryophyllum tubiflorum (Capon et al. 1986).
2.17.2 Culture Conditions
The callus cultures were established with different growth regulators (benzylaminopurine (BAP), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzylaminopurine) in B. pinnatum (Gurnani et al. 2014). The cultures were incubated in the darkness at 24 ± 1 °C for 50 days. The percentage of callus induction and the area of explants covered by callus cells were evaluated. The highest percentage of callus induction was 100%, obtained with the combination of 2,4-D and benzyl adenine (BA) (Santos et al. 2014).
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