1.1 Structure of the book.
Figure 2.1 Examples of divisive opinions in a democratized society.
Figure 2.2 The sinusoid‐locked loop (SLL) that explains the inherent synchronization mechanism of a synchronous machine.
Figure 2.3 Estimated electricity consumption in the US.
Figure 2.4 A two‐port virtual synchronous machine (VSM).
Figure 2.5 SYNDEM grid architecture based on the synchronization mechanism of synchronous machines (Zhong 2016b, 2017e).
Figure 2.6 A SYNDEM home grid.
Figure 2.7 A SYNDEM neighborhood grid.
Figure 2.8 A SYNDEM community grid.
Figure 2.9 A SYNDEM district grid.
Figure 2.10 A SYNDEM regional grid.
Figure 2.11 The iceberg of power system challenges and solutions.
Figure 2.12 The frequency regulation capability of a VSM connected the UK public grid.
Figure 3.1 Illustrations of the imaginary operator and the ghost operator.
Figure 3.2 The system pair that consists of the original system and its ghost.
Figure 3.3 Illustration of the ghost power theory.
Figure 4.1 Structure of an idealized three‐phase round‐rotor synchronous generator with p = 1, modified from (Grainger and Stevenson 1994, figure 3.4).
Figure 4.2 The power part of a synchronverter is a basic inverter.
Figure 4.3 The electronic part of a synchronverter without control.
Figure 4.4 The electronic part of a synchronverter with the function of frequency and voltage control, and real and active power regulation.
Figure 4.5 Operation of a synchronverter under different grid frequencies (left column) and different load conditions (right column).
Figure 4.6 Experimental setup with two synchronverters.
Figure 4.7 Experimental results in the set mode: output currents with 2.25 kW real power.
Figure 4.8 Experimental results in the set mode: output currents (left column) and the THD of phase‐A current (right column) under different real powers.
Figure 4.9 Experimental results in the droop mode: primary frequency response.
Figure 4.10 Experimental results: the currents of the grid, VSG, and VSG2 under the parallel operation of VSG and VSG2 with a local resistive load.
Figure 4.11 Real power P and reactive power Q during the change in the operation mode.
Figure 4.12 Transient responses of the synchronverter.
Figure 5.1 Structure of an idealized three‐phase round‐rotor synchronous motor.
Figure 5.2 The model of a synchronous motor.
Figure 5.3 PWM rectifier treated as a virtual synchronous motor.
Figure 5.4 Directly controlling the power of a rectifier.
Figure 5.5 Controlling the DC‐bus voltage of a rectifier.
Figure 5.6 Simulation results when controlling the power.
Figure 5.7 Simulation results when controlling the DC‐bus voltage.
Figure 5.8 Experimental results when controlling the power.
Figure 5.9 Experimental results when controlling the DC‐bus voltage.
Figure 6.1 Integration of a PMSG wind turbine into the grid through back‐to‐back converters.
Figure 6.2 Controller for the RSC.
Figure 6.3 Controller for the GSC.
Figure 6.4 Dynamic response of the GSC.
Figure 6.5 Dynamic response of the RSC.
Figure 6.6 Real‐time simulation results with a grid fault appearing at t = 6 s for 0.1 s.
Figure 7.1 Conventional (DC) Ward Leonard drive system.
Figure 7.2 AC Ward Leonard drive system.
Figure 7.3 Mathematical model of a synchronous generator.
Figure 7.4 Control structure for an AC WLDS with a speed sensor.
Figure 7.5 Control structure for an AC WLDS without a speed sensor.
Figure 7.6 An experimental AC drive.
Figure 7.7 Reversal from a high speed without a load.
Figure 7.8 Reversal from a high speed with a load.
Figure 7.9 Reversal from a low speed without a load.
Figure 7.10 Reversal from a low speed with a load.
Figure 7.11 Reversal at an extremely low speed without a load.
Figure 7.12 Reversal from a high speed without a load (without a speed sensor).
Figure 7.13
