|
MODY
|
maturity-onset diabetes of the young
|
|
Mr
|
relative molecular mass
|
|
mRNA
|
messenger-RNA
|
|
MSH
|
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
|
|
mTOR
|
mammalian (or mechanistic) Target Of Rapamycin
|
|
NAD+, NADH
|
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (+, oxidised form; H, reduced form)
|
|
NADP+, NADPH
|
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (+, oxidised form; H, reduced form)
|
|
NAFLD
|
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
|
|
Nam
|
nicotinamide
|
|
Nampt
|
nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
|
|
NEAT
|
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
|
|
NEFA
|
non-esterified fatty acid
|
|
NHS DPP
|
NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme
|
|
NIDDM
|
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
|
|
NPC1L1
|
Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1
|
|
NPR-A
|
natriuretic peptide-A receptor
|
|
NPY
|
neuropeptide Y
|
|
OMM
|
outer mitochondrial membrane
|
|
PAMPs
|
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
|
|
PCSK9
|
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
|
|
PDC
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
|
|
PDH
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
|
PDX1
|
pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
|
|
PET
|
positron emission tomography
|
|
PFK
|
phosphofructokinase
|
|
PGC
|
PPAR-γ co-activator
|
|
Pi, PPi
|
inorganic phosphate, pyrophosphate
|
|
PKA
|
protein kinase-A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)
|
|
PKC
|
protein kinase-C
|
|
PKG
|
protein kinase-G (cGMP-dependent protein kinase)
|
|
POMC
|
pro-opiomelanocortin
|
|
PPAR
|
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
|
|
PPI
|
proton pump inhibitor
|
|
PTHrP
|
parathyroid hormone-related protein
|
|
RAAS
|
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
|
|
RAGE
|
receptor for advanced glycation end-products
|
|
RAS
|
renin-angiotensin system
|
|
REE
|
resting energy expenditure
|
|
RER
|
respiratory exchange ratio
|
|
ROS
|
reactive oxygen species
|
|
RQ
|
respiratory quotient
|
|
RXR
|
retinoid X receptor
|
|
SCN
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus
|
|
SGLT
|
sodium-glucose cotransporter
|
|
SIRS
|
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
|
|
SNP
|
single-nucleotide polymorphism
|
|
SOS
|
Swedish Obesity Study
|
|
SR
|
scavenger receptor
|
|
SREBP (-1c, -2)
|
sterol regulatory element binding protein (1c, 2)
|
|
STAT
|
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
|
|
T3
|
tri-iodothyronine
|
|
T4
|
thyroxine
|
|
TAG or TG
|
triacylglycerol
|
|
TCA (cycle)
|
tricarboxylic acid (cycle)
|
|
TEE
|
total energy expenditure
|
|
TICE
|
trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux
|
|
TNFα
|
tumour necrosis factor-α
|
|
TNFR1, TNFRSF1A
|
TNF receptors
|
|
TR
|
thyroid hormone receptor
|
|
TSH
|
thyroid stimulating hormone
|
|
TTO (loop)
|
transcription translation oscillating loop
|
|
TZD
|
thiazolidinedione
|
|
UCP1,2,3
|
uncoupling protein 1, 2, 3
|
|
UDP-GlcNAc
|
uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
|
|
UKPDS
|
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
|
|
USF-1
|
upstream stimulatory factor-1
|
|
VCO2
|
rate of CO2 production
|
|
VLDL
|
very-low-density lipoprotein
|
|
V
max
|
maximal velocity of a reaction
|
|
VO2 (max)
|
(maximal) rate of O2 consumption
|
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