Ni‐base a...Figure 17.9 γ′ in Ni‐base alloys: (a) cubical γ′ in IN‐100 (13 625×); and (b...Figure 17.10 Schematic sketch of microstructure observed in some Ni‐base sup...Figure 17.11 Aging characteristics of some Ni‐base alloys.Figure 17.12 Comparison between welding and heat treating of steel: (a) ther...Figure 17.13 HAZ microstructure of carbon steel (e.g. 1018) and Fe‐C phase d...Figure 17.14 Mechanism of partial grain refining in a carbon steel.Figure 17.15 Microstructure in weld of 1018 steel (4.8 mm thick) made by gas...Figure 17.16 SEM images showing microstructure in the weld in Figure 17.15 m...Figure 17.17 Microstructure in weld of 1018 steel made by FSW. The welding c...Figure 17.18 HAZ microstructure of 1018 steel produced by a high power CO2 l...Figure 17.19 HAZ microstructure of a GTA weld of 1040 steel.Figure 17.20 Continuous cooling transformation diagram for 1040 steel [42]....Figure 17.21 Hardness profiles across HAZ of a 1040 steel; (a) without prehe...Figure 17.22 Schematic sketch of microstructure of dual phase steel.Figure 17.23 Fe‐Cr phase diagram.Figure 17.24 Phase diagrams: (a) Fe‐C; (b) Fe‐Cr; (c) Fe‐Ni‐Cr at 70% Fe....Figure 17.25 Sensitization of unstabilized grades of austenitic stainless st...Figure 17.26 Sensitization of austenitic stainless steels stabilized with Ti...Figure 17.27 Sensitization in 347 stainless steel: (a) solution annealed at ...18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Grain growth near fusion line of weld of 430 ferritic stainless ...Figure 18.2 Grain growth near fusion line of weld of 312 duplex stainless st...Figure 18.3 Grain growth in HAZ: (a) transverse cross‐section of weld and th...Figure 18.4 Effect of welding on work‐hardened material: (a) before welding;...Figure 18.5 Microstructure of the weld of a work hardened 304 stainless stee...Figure 18.6 Hardness profiles across welds of work‐hardened materials: (a) a...Figure 18.7 Effect of heat input on welding of work‐hardened materials: (a) ...Figure 18.8 Effect of heat input on HAZ hardness in arc welding of 5356 Al (...Figure 18.9 Microstructure in a 2219 Al that has been aged to contain θ′ pre...Figure 18.10 HAZ of an Al‐Cu alloy prepared to contain θ′ (similar to T6 tem...Figure 18.11 Microstructure in a 2219 Al that has been aged to contain GP zo...Figure 18.12 HAZ of an Al‐Cu alloy prepared to contain GP zones (similar to ...Figure 18.13 Transverse cross‐section of 2024 Al (~Al‐4.4Cu‐1.5Mg) lap‐welde...Figure 18.14 2219 Al (~Al‐6.3Cu) welded in T6 condition by gas−tungsten arc ...Figure 18.15 2219 Al (~Al‐6.3Cu) welded after solution heat treating plus qu...Figure 18.16 Effect of rotation speed on underwater friction stir welding of...Figure 18.17 Effect of welding process on microhardness profile: (a) gas−tun...Figure 18.18 Effect of arc oscillation on HAZ width in GTAW of 2014‐T6 Al (~...Figure 18.19 Microhardness profiles in HAZs of 6061 Al: (a) welded in T6 tem...Figure 18.20 Welding 6061 Al in: (a) T6 temper; (b) T4 temper.Figure 18.21 Microhardness profiles across friction stir weld along the mid‐...Figure 18.22 TEM images of as‐welded 6063‐T5 Al at locations indicated in Fi...Figure 18.23 Less overaging in welding 6061‐T4 Al with a smaller heat input....Figure 18.24 Effect of welding process and condition on HAZ width of 6061‐T6...Figure 18.25 Microhardness profiles in HAZs of 7005 Al (~Al‐4.5Zn‐1.2Mg) all...Figure 18.26 Microhardness profiles in HAZs of 7146 Al (~Al‐7.1Zn‐1.3Mg) all...Figure 18.27 Reversion of γ′ in HAZ: (a) phase diagram; (b) thermal cycles; ...Figure 18.28 Microstructure of Udimet 700 weld: (a) as‐received material; (b...Figure 18.29 Linear‐friction‐welded Waspaloy rectangular rods (13 mm × 11 mm...Figure 18.30 Hardness profiles in IN 718 welds in as‐welded condition: (a) l...Figure 18.31 Hardness profiles in IN 718 welds after postweld heat treating:...Figure 18.32 Laser weld of dual phase steel DP600: (a) microhardness profile...Figure 18.33 Subcritical region of dual phase steels where martensite can be...Figure 18.34 Laser weld of dual phase steel DP980: (a) microhardness profile...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Diffusion of hydrogen from weld metal to HAZ during welding.Figure 19.2 Diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in ferritic and austenitic mat...Figure 19.3 Underbead crack in a low‐alloy steel HAZ (10×).Figure 19.4 Hydrogen cracking in a fillet weld of 1040 steel (5×).Figure 19.5 Implant test for hydrogen cracking.Figure 19.6 Implant test results for a HSLA pipeline steel.Figure 19.7 Lehigh restraint specimen.Figure 19.8 Effect of preheating on hydrogen cracking of a high strength ste...Figure 19.9 Effect of carbon equivalent on preheat requirement to prevent hy...Figure 19.10 Reheat cracking in a CrMoV steel: (a) macrostructure (×35); (b)...Figure 19.11 Fracture surfaces after stress‐relief cracking: (a) intergranul...Figure 19.12 Schematic illustration of stress‐relief cracking: (a) welding t...Figure 19.13 Crack susceptibility C‐curves of ferritic steels.Figure 19.14 Schematic diagrams of Gleeble‐based test of susceptibility to s...Figure 19.15 Stress‐relief‐cracking susceptibility ranking of high‐temperatu...Figure 19.16 Lamellar tearing in steel weld: (a) stringers of inclusions in ...Figure 19.17 Multipass weld with slag inclusions (D) and other defects, incl...Figure 19.18 The Lehigh cantilever lamellar tearing test.Figure 19.19 Lamellar tearing of a corner joint: (a) improper design; (b) im...Figure 19.20 Schematic distribution of peak temperature and variations in as...Figure 19.21 Cracking along the HAZ outer edge of Grade 91 steel after postw...Figure 19.22 Hardness profiles across HAZ of Grade 91 steel in the as‐welded...Figure 19.23 Strain‐age cracking of heat‐treatable Ni‐base alloy: (a) phase ...Figure 19.24 Strain‐age cracking in weld of Rene 41 (Ni‐19Cr‐11Co‐10M0‐5Fe‐3...Figure 19.25 Minimum elongation in correlation of controlled heating rate te...Figure 19.26 Effect of Al and Ti contents on postweld heat‐treatment crackin...Figure 19.27 Crack susceptibility C‐curves for Waspaloy and Inconel 718 weld...Figure 19.28 Crack susceptibility C‐curve for a Rene 41 solution annealed be...Figure 19.29 Effect of heating rate on strain‐age cracking of a Rene 41 solu...Figure 19.30 Effect of welding heat input on strain‐age cracking of Rene 41....Figure 19.31 Effect of composition on strain‐age cracking of Rene 41.
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Intergranular corrosion caused by weld decay in HAZ of 304 stain...Figure 20.2 Sensitization (weld decay) in austenitic stainless steel: (a) pr...Figure 20.3 Failure of welded 304 stainless steel pipe caused by weld decay:...Figure 20.4 Time‐temperature‐sensitization curves of 304 stainless steel in ...Figure 20.5 Intergranular attack of 316 and 316L stainless steels by oxalic ...Figure 20.6 Effect of grain boundary structure on intergranular corrosion (w...Figure 20.7 Welds in austenitic stainless steels: (a) weld decay in 304 stai...Figure 20.8 Intergranular corrosion in IN690 gas‐tungsten arc weld. CGZ: coa...Figure 20.9 Intergranular corrosion in IN690 laser‐beam weld. White lines in...Figure 20.10 Transverse cross‐section of a weld of a stabilized austenitic s...Figure 20.11 Sensitization in Ti‐stabilized austenitic stainless steel (C ti...Figure 20.12 Knife‐line attack in HAZ right next to the fusion line of 321 s...Figure 20.13 Vertical section of ternary Fe‐Cr‐C phase diagram at carbon con...Figure 20.14 Effect of heat input on sensitization of Fe‐11.6Cr ferritic sta...Figure 20.15 Stress corrosion cracking in a 316 stainless steel [4].Figure E20.1 Two bead‐on‐plate welds made in a stabilized‐grade stainless st...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Additive manufacturing of metal: (a) directed energy deposition:...Figure 21.2 Column, cuboid, line, and logo (University of Wisconsin) prepare...Figure 21.3 Calculated cross‐section of first two hatches of build in powder...Figure 21.4 Effect of dwell time (time between subsequent layers of depositi...Figure 21.5 Thermal cycles experienced by three thermocouples located at dif...Figure 21.6 Lack of fusion voids and gas porosity. The cross‐section of a bu...Figure 21.7 Possible mechanism of formation of hydrogen porosity in powder b...Figure 21.8 Schematic illustration of the concept of internal (drying inside...Figure 21.9 Effect of scan speed and powder drying temperature on hydrogen p...Figure 21.10 Effect of processing parameters on hydrogen porosity in AlSi10M...Figure 21.11 Eliminating solidification cracking in powder bed fusion of 707...Figure 21.12 Schematic illustration of induction heating of build and substr...Figure 21.13 Solidification and liquation cracking in laser metal deposition...Figure 21.14 Effect of Ti on solidification cracking in laser metal depositi...Figure 21.15 Three example cases of crack initiation and propagation in mult...Figure 21.16 Directed energy (laser) deposition of 738 Ni‐base superalloy po...Figure 21.17 Directed energy (laser) deposition of 738 Ni‐base superalloy po...Figure 21.18 Cracking in single‐pass multilayer Ni‐base superalloy 718 prepa...Figure 21.19 Micrographs showing cracks in single‐pass multilayer Ni‐base su...Figure 21.20 Partial melting (melting mostly along GBs) in single‐pass, mult...Figure 21.21 Partial melting in multipass multilayer laser metal deposition ...Figure 21.22 Buttered
