THE CARBON CYCLE AND CLIMATE
12.10 SUMMARY
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
PROBLEMS
NOTES
16 Chapter 13: The land surface: weathering, soils, and streams 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 REDOX IN NATURAL WATERS 13.3 WEATHERING, SOILS, AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING 13.4 WEATHERING RATES 13.5 THE COMPOSITION OF RIVERS 13.6 CONTINENTAL SALINE WATERS 13.7 SUMMARY REFERENCES AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING PROBLEMS NOTES
17 Chapter 14: The ocean as a chemical system 14.1 INTRODUCTION 14.2 SOME BACKGROUND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS 14.3 COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER 14.4 SOURCES AND SINKS OF DISSOLVED MATTER IN SEAWATER 14.5 SUMMARY REFERENCES PROBLEMS NOTES
18 Chapter 15: Applied geochemistry 15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2 MINERAL RESOURCES 15.3 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY 15.4 SUMMARY REFERENCES PROBLEMS NOTES
19 Appendix: Constants, units and conversions PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS THE EARTH SI UNITS AND CONVERSIONS SI PREFIXES
List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Van der Waals constants for selected gases.Table 2.2 Standard state thermodynamic data for some important minerals.
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 H2O and CO2 fugacity coefficients.Table 3.2a Debye–Hückel solvent parameters.Table 3.2b Debye–Hückel effective radii.Table 3.3 EH° and pε° for some half-cell reactions.
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Margules parameters for ilmenite and titanomagnetite solid solution...Table 4.2 Commonly used thermobarometers.Table 4.3 Ion solvation numbers.Table 4.4 Truesdell–Jones parameters.
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Activation energies of some geochemical reactions.Table 5.2 Frequency factors and activation energies of diffusion coefficients...Table 5.3 Trace diffusion coefficients for ions in infinitely dilute aqueous ...Table 5.4 Tracer diffusion coefficients in silicate melts.Table 5.5 Dissolution rates and mean lifetimes of crystals at 25°C and pH 5.Table 5.6 Apparent activation energies for dissolution reactions in near-neut...
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Equilibrium constants for the carbonate system.Table 6.2 Classification of metal ions.Table 6.3 Ion exchange capacity of clays.Table 6.4 Point of zero net proton charge of common sedimentary particles.
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Goldschmidt's classification of the elements.Table 7.2 Free energy of formation of some oxides.Table 7.3 Normalizing values used for rare earth plots.Table 7.4 Mineral-melt partition coefficients.Table 7.5 Electronic configurations and crystal-field stabilization energies ...Table 7.6 Crystal-field splittings and stabilization energies in transition-m...
7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Numbers of stable odd and even nuclei.Table 8.2 Long-lived radioactive decay systems of geochemical interest.Table 8.3 Initial isotopic compositions and parent/daughter ratios.Table 8.4 Half-lives and decay constants of long-lived U and Th daughters.Table 8.5 Some radioactive cosmogenic nuclides of geologic interest.
8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Isotope ratios of light stable isotopes.Table 9.2 Coefficients for reduced partition coefficient ratios for oxygen is...Table 9.3 Mineral pair oxygen isotope fractionation factors for temperatures ...Table 9.4 Coefficients for sulfur isotope fractionation:
9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Characteristics of chondrite groups.Table 10.2 Abundances of the elements.Table 10.3 Van Schmus and Wood petrographic classification of chondrites (aft...Table 10.4 Short-lived radionuclides in the early solar system.Table 10.5 50% Condensation temperatures for solar system gas.Table 10.6 Physical data regarding major solar system objects.Table 10.7 Representative compositions of lunar rocks.Table 10.8 Comparison of the compositions of the Earth and Moon.
10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Volumes and masses of the Earth's shells.Table 11.2 Comparison of bulk silicate earth major and minor element composit...Table 11.3 Bulk silicate Earth compositions.Table 11.4 Estimated composition of the Earth's core.Table 11.5 Statistical summary of the
