rates at 200°C in near-neut...Figure 5.36 Experimentally determined dissolution rates of common minerals a...Figure 5.37 Comparison of olivine (forsterite) and feldspar (albite) structu...Figure 5.38 Enstatite (MgSiO3) and forsterite (Mg2SiO4) dissolution rates as...Figure 5.39 (a). Albite dissolution rates measured by Hellman and Tisserand ...Figure 5.40 Log of steady-state dissolution (a) and growth (b) of calcite as...Figure 5.41 Steady-state diagenesis. Concentration at a fixed depth x 1 below...Figure 5.42 Concentration profiles in a sediment in which the composition of...Figure 5.43 Fluxes through a box in a sedimentary layer of unit lateral dime...Figure 5.44 Dissolved sulfate concentrations in sediments from the Saanich I...6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Activities of different species in the carbonate system as a func...Figure 6.2 Titration curve (solid red line) for a one liter 0.005 M Na2CO3 ...Figure 6.3 Buffer intensity as a function of pH for several ideal natural sy...Figure 6.4 Buffer capacity of a carbonate solution in equilibrium with atmos...Figure 6.5 Illustration of ion pair and complex formation. Two types of ion ...Figure 6.6 Predominant aquo-, hydroxo-, and oxo-complexes as a function of p...Figure 6.7 Fraction of Pb complexed as PbOH+ as a function of pH.Figure 6.8 pH and −log α, as a function of total copper concentration in aqu...Figure 6.9 Classification of the elements with respect to complex formation ...Figure 6.10 Stability constants for transition metal sulfate and organic com...Figure 6.11 Concentration of calcium ion in equilibrium with calcite at 25°C...Figure 6.12 Comparison of the evolution of systems with constant
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Three-dimensional histogram illustrating the abundance of the el...Figure 7.2 Goldschmidt's classification of the elements.Figure 7.3 The geochemical periodic table, in which elements are grouped acc...Figure 7.4 (a) Solubility of the rare gases in melts of varying composition ...Figure 7.5 Ionic radii of the lanthanide rare earth elements (3+ state excep...Figure 7.6 Concentrations of the rare earths in the carbonaceous chondritic ...Figure 7.7 A rare earth plot showing rare earth patterns for average upper c...Figure 7.8 Shale-normalized REE patterns of a Pacific pelagic sediment (V21-...Figure 7.9 Chondrite-normalized abundances of the noble metals in ore deposi...Figure 7.10 Ionic radius (picometers) vs. ionic charge contoured for clinopy...Figure 7.11 Effects of temperature and water in the melt on trace element pa...Figure 7.12 Experimentally determined clinopyroxene–liquid and plagioclase–l...Figure 7.13 Because increasing pressure increases the amount of jadeite (NaA...Figure 7.14 Variation of the zinc olivine/liquid partition coefficient as a ...Figure 7.15 Comparison of Zn olivine/melt partition coefficients of Kohn and...Figure 7.16 Effect of tetrahedral aluminum mole fraction and Na2O melt conce...Figure 7.17 Comparison of calculated REE patterns for a representative andes...Figure 7.18 Rare earth mineral–melt partition coefficients for mafic magmas....Figure 7.19 Geometry of the d orbitals.Figure 7.20 (a) Orientation of ligands and Cartesian coordinates for a metal...Figure 7.21 (a) Orientation of ligands and Cartesian coordinates for a metal...Figure 7.22 Arrangement of ligands and energy levels for (a) an octahedral s...Figure 7.23 Schematic phase diagram for the system forsterite–Ni olivine sho...Figure 7.24 Variation in C ℓ /C o with degree of melting, F, for various ...Figure 7.25 Rare earth patterns of 7% batch and aggregate fractional partial...Figure 7.26 Comparison of continuous and fractional melting for D = 0.0001 a...Figure 7.27 Representation of melting of an ascending packet of mantle in te...Figure 7.28 Relationship between extent of melting, F, and temperature in pe...Figure 7.29 Relationship between dihedral angle, θ, and melt distributi...Figure 7.30 Three-dimensional network formed by melt along triple junctions ...Figure 7.31 (a) Melting regime under a mid-ocean ridge. Red lines show the f...Figure 7.32 Variation of relative trace element concentration in a liquid un...Figure 7.33 Magma chamber undergoing in situ crystallization. The solidifica...Figure 7.34 Comparison of the effects of in situ and fractional crystallizat...Figure 7.35 Schematic illustration of a steady-state and periodically refill...Figure 7.36 Concentration of Ni and La in closed system fractional crystalli...Figure 7.37 La and Ni concentrations plotted against MgO concentration in a ...Figure 7.38 Plot of the ratio of two incompatible elements (one with D = 0.0...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number.Figure 8.2 Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number as calculated using...Figure 8.3 Neutron number versus proton number for stable nuclides.Figure 8.4 Nuclear energy-level diagram showing decay of bismuth-212 by alph...Figure 8.5 Proton and neutron occupation levels of boron-12, carbon-12, and ...Figure 8.6 Schematic of a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Ions produced a...Figure 8.7 A Rb-Sr isochron. Five analyses from a clast in the Bholghati met...Figure 8.8 Sr isotopic evolution of the bulk Earth, evolution of high Rb/Sr ...Figure 8.9 87Sr/86Sr in seawater over the last 800 Ma, determined from the a...Figure 8.10 (a) Nd isotope evolution in mantle and crust. Bold line shows th...Figure 8.11 Sm-Nd model ages. 143Nd/144Nd is extrapolated backward (slope de...Figure 8.12 Sr and Nd isotope ratios in major geochemical reservoirs. The is...Figure 8.13 εHf vs. εNd in oceanic basalts and seawater.Figure 8.14 Low 176Lu/177Hf in zircons allows for calculation of their εHf a...Figure 8.15 (a) Schematic evolution of Os isotope ratios in the mantle and c...Figure 8.16 (a) Histogram comparing γOs in abyssal peridotites, MORB, and su...Figure 8.17 Os isotope composition of seawater over the last 80 Ma. Based on...Figure 8.18 High-precision Ce and Nd isotope data on MORB, OIB, island arc v...Figure 8.19 Evolution of Pb isotope ratios. The curved lines represent the e...Figure 8.20 Zircon crystal seen under the microscope. This crystal is approx...Figure 8.21 A concordia diagram illustrating U–Pb dating of zircons and othe...Figure 8.22 Pb isotope ratios in major terrestrial reservoirs. Typical lower...Figure 8.23 Part of the chart of the nuclides showing the series of decays t...Figure 8.24 (230Th/232Th) as a function of depth in a manganese nodule from ...Figure 8.25 Sea level rise at the end of the last glaciation based on Th-U d...Figure 8.26 Left. Photo of flowstone over a hand stencil in Maltravieso Cave...Figure 8.27 (a) 230Th–238U isochron diagram. The (238U/232Th) of the source ...Figure 8.28 (a) 230Th–238U mineral isochron on a dacite lava from Seguam Isl...Figure 8.29 He isotope ratios in various terrestrial and solar system materi...Figure 8.30 Ne isotope ratios in terrestrial materials. The line marked
