basalts...Table 11.6 Major element composition of the oceanic crust.Table 11.7 Trace element composition of the oceanic crust (all concentrations...Table 11.8 Composition of the upper continental crust.Table 11.9 U, Th, and K concentrations and heat production in various rock ty...Table 11.10 Composition of the middle and lower continental crust.Table 11.11 Composition of the continental crust.11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Composition of soil humic and fulvic acids.Table 12.2 Composition of fulvic and humic acids dissolved in natural waters.Table 12.3 Dissolved methane in natural waters.Table 12.4 Stability constants (Logβ) for metal ion–organic ligand compl...Table 12.5 Free energy changes for bacterial reactions.Table 12.6 Kerogen composition
12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 pε of principal aquatic redox couples.Table 13.2 SiO2/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3) ratios of soils.Table 13.3 Elemental composition of dried plant matter.Table 13.4 Concentrations in bulk precipitation and throughfall in the Vosage...Table 13.5 Residence times of organic matter and nutrients in forest litter (...Table 13.6 Composition of water from the Coweeta watershed (ppm).Table 13.7 Average composition of dissolved loads of rivers.Table 13.8 Compositions of representative major rivers.Table 13.9 Saline lake brines.
13 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Concentrations of elements dissolved in seawater and river water.Table 14.2 Major ions in seawater.Table 14.3 Residence times of selected elements in seawater.Table 14.4 Composition of representative hydrothermal vent fluids.Table 14.5 Global fluxes to seawater from high-temperature ridge crest hydrot...Table 14.6. Atmospheric flux to the oceans.Table 14.7 Concentrations and fluxes in clays of the Nares Abyssal Plain.Table 14.8 Average composition of Mn nodules and crusts.
14 Chapter 15Table 15.1 US EPA maximum contaminant level in drinking water.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The periodic table showing symbols and atomic numbers of naturall...Figure 1.2 The predicted sequence of orbital energies for electrons in atoms...Figure 1.3 The periodic table of naturally occurring elements showing the el...Figure 1.4 First ionization potential of the elements.Figure 1.5 Electronegativities of the elements. Nonmetals are characterized ...Figure 1.6 Ionic radii of the elements.Figure 1.7 Van der Waals interactions arise because of the polar nature of s...Figure 1.8 (a) Geometry of the water molecule. (b) Hydrogen bonds between wa...Figure 1.9 (a) The silica tetrahedron, 
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Systems in relation to their surroundings. The ball represents ma...Figure 2.2 States of a system.Figure 2.3 An ideal gas thermometer. The colored area is the volume occupied...Figure 2.4 A gas-filled box with a removable partition. When the partition i...Figure 2.5 Possible distribution of molecules of a red and a black gas in a ...Figure 2.6 Two copper blocks at different temperatures separated by an insul...Figure 2.7 There are six possible ways to distribute six energy units so tha...Figure 2.8 (a) Probability of one of two copper blocks of equal mass in ther...Figure 2.9 Occupation of vibrational energy levels calculated from the Boltz...Figure 2.10 Vibrational contribution to heat capacity as a function of kT/hν...Figure 2.11 Transformations on a temperature–pressure diagram. Changes in st...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Graphical representation of the system Al2O3−H2O.Figure 3.2 Phase diagram for the system Al2O3–H2O–SiO2. The lines are calle...Figure 3.3 Comparison of the graphite–diamond phase boundary calculated fro...Figure 3.4 Vapor pressure of water and dioxane in a water–dioxane mixture s...Figure 3.5 Variation of the partial molar volumes of water and ethanol as a...Figure 3.6 Free energy of mixing as a function of temperature in the ideal ...Figure 3.7 Molar free energy in an ideal mixture and a graphical illustrati...Figure 3.8 Schematic plot of the chemical potential of component i in solut...Figure 3.9 (a) Structure of the water molecule. Bond angle in the liquid pha...Figure 3.10 Solvation of a cation in aqueous solution. In the first solvati...Figure 3.11 Relationship of activity and molality, reference state, and sta...Figure 3.12 Apparent molar volume of NaCl in aqueous solution as a function...Figure 3.13 Standard molar volume of NaCl in aqueous solution as a function...Figure 3.14 An ion surrounded by a cloud of oppositely charged ions, as ass...Figure 3.15 Variation of the Ca2+ activity coefficient with ionic stren...Figure 3.16 Ionic strength of natural electrolyte solutions and the applica...Figure 3.17 Log of the solubility constant of barite plotted against the in...Figure 3.18 Electrode reactions in the Daniell cell.Figure 3.19 pε–pH diagram showing predominance regions for ferric and ferro...Figure
