6.18 Gel diffusion by antibodies and a single antigen (A) and antibod...Figure 6.19 Radial diffusion. A, B, C, D, and E represent known concentratio...Figure 6.20 Patterns of immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins.Figure 6.21 Western blots of serum samples from two HIV‐infected individuals...7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Prototypical gene that codes for a transmembrane protein: steps ...Figure 7.2. Prototypical B cell transmembrane immunoglobulin and associated ...Figure 7.3. Gene rearrangement and subsequent steps in synthesis of a κ λ ch...Figure 7.4. Involvement of V(D)J recombinase in rearrangement of DNA coding ...Figure 7.5. Gene rearrangements and subsequent steps in the synthesis of hum...Figure 7.6. Class switch recombination. S = switch region, upstream of each ...Figure 7.7. Somatic gene conversion generates diversity in the Ig genes of s...Figure 7.8. The αβ TCR, showing V and C regions and the antigen‐binding site...Figure 7.9. Structure of the αβ TCR (ribbon diagram) showing Vα and Cα, and ...Figure 7.10. Interaction of the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) o...Figure 7.11. The TCR complex; α and β antigen‐binding chains with associated...Figure 7.12. TCR co‐receptors and their interaction with MHC molecules expre...Figure 7.13 Organization of human α, β, γ, and δ genes coding for TCR chains...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. The role of MHC in antigen presentation to T cells. Protein anti...Figure 8.2 Interaction of an MHC molecule expressed on the surface of a host...Figure 8.3. Cells expressing MHC class I interact with CD8+ T cells, which k...Figure 8.4. Simplified depiction of the human MHC, HLA, showing genes coding...Figure 8.5. Different depictions of an MHC class I molecule. (A) Cartoon of ...Figure 8.6. Peptide bound in the MHC class I molecule peptide‐binding groove...Figure 8.7. Different depictions of an MHC class II molecule. (A) Cartoon of...Figure 8.8. Peptide bound in MHC class II molecule peptide‐binding groove in...Figure 8.9. Processing of exogenous antigen in MHC class II pathway (CLIP = ...Figure 8.10. Selective binding of processed peptides by different MHC molecu...Figure 8.11. Processing of endogenous antigen in MHC class I pathway.Figure 8.12. Cross‐presentation. A dendritic cell takes up an exogenous anti...Figure 8.13. Interaction of TCRs with nonpeptide antigens. (A) Superantigens...Figure 8.14. HLA genes are passed on as a unit from parent to child. Because...Figure 8.15. Simplified depiction of the mouse MHC, H‐2, showing regions and...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1. Stages in B‐cell differentiation. Dashed lines on the pre‐B cell...Figure 9.2. The pre‐B‐cell receptor (pre‐BCR) (A) and B‐cell receptor (BCR) ...Figure 9.3. Alternative fates of an immature B cell interacting with self‐an...Figure 9.4. Interaction of antigen with an antigen‐specific B and CD4+ helpe...Figure 9.5. Key events in the germinal center: somatic hypermutation, class ...Figure 9.6. IgA antibody synthesis in GALT showing inductive (Peyer’s patch)...Figure 9.7. Important molecules expressed at the surface of B cells. See tex...Figure 9.8. Enhancement of activation via the B‐cell co‐receptor CD19/CD21/C...Figure 9.9. Intracellular events in B‐cell activation. Orange semicircles in...Figure 9.10. Antibody feedback inhibits B‐cell activation. Simultaneous bind...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1. The αβ TCR, showing V and C regions and the antigen‐binding sit...Figure 10.2. Structure of the αβ TCR (ribbon diagram) showing Vα and Cα, and...Figure 10.3. Interaction of the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) o...Figure 10.4. The TCR complex; α and β antigen binding chains with associated...Figure 10.5. TCR co‐receptors and their interaction with MHC molecules expre...Figure 10.6. Important molecules expressed at the T‐cell surface. Hatched ba...Figure 10.7. Organization of human α, β, γ, and δ genes coding for TCR chain...Figure 10.8. Cellular organization of the thymus.Figure 10.9. Key stages in development of αβ and γδ T cells in the thymus. T...Figure 10.10. Positive selection and lineage choice. The double‐positive (DP...Figure 10.11. Negative selection. Thymocytes that have survived positive sel...Figure 10.12. Activation of the naïve T cell requires two signals. First sig...Figure 10.13. Dendritic cell maturation in response to pathogen. The immatur...Figure 10.14. Paired interactions at the surface of an APC and a CD4+ T cell...Figure 10.15. Intracellular events in CD4+ T‐cell activation. Orange semicir...Figure 10.16. Activated CD4+ T cell synthesizes and secretes IL‐2 and synthe...Figure 10.17. CTLA‐4 inhibits the activation signal from CD28 and sends a ne...Figure 10.18. Development and function of subsets of CD4+ T cells. Pathogens...Figure 10.19. The development and function of TH1 cells. IL‐12 is synthesize...Figure 10.20. The development and function of TH2 cells. The source of IL‐4 ...Figure 10.21. The development and function of TH17 cells and the source of t...Figure 10.22. The development and function of iTreg cells. TGF‐β, which driv...Figure 10.23. The B cell as an antigen‐capture and antigen‐presenting cell. ...Figure 10.24. Key interactions involved in TFH–B cell cooperation in the ger...Figure 10.25. Linked recognition. For T helper cell–B cell cooperation in an...Figure 10.26. T helper–B cell cooperation in the use of conjugate vaccines. ...Figure 10.27. Generation of virus‐specific CD8+ effector T cells. (A) Dendri...Figure 10.28. The two major pathways of CD8+ T cell killing of virus‐infecte...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1. Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine properties of cytokines. Th...Figure 11.2. Differentiation of TH1 and TH2 cells.Figure 11.3. Steps involved in neutrophil chemotaxis and transendothelial mi...Figure 11.4. Cell membrane adhesion molecules and cytokine activation events...Figure 11.5. Schematic diagram showing the structural features of the five t...Figure 11.6. Schematic diagram showing structural features of members of the...Figure 11.7. Comparison of the two forms of IL‐2 receptors expressed on cell...Figure 11.8. Model of cytokine receptor signaling using receptor‐associated ...Figure 11.9. Soluble TNF receptors can interfere with inflammatory propertie...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Deletion as the mechanism of central tolerance in T cells. Thym...Figure 12.2. Mechanisms of central tolerance in B cells: deletion, anergy, a...Figure 12.3. Lack of co‐stimulation leads to B‐cell anergy. (A) Two signals ...Figure 12.4. Antigen recognition in the absence of co‐stimulation leads to T...Figure 12.5. Mechanisms of suppression of CD4+ effector T cells by Treg cell...Figure 12.6. Fas‐mediated apoptosis of T cells. The ligation of FasL to Fas ...Figure 12.7. Possible mechanisms for triggering autoimmunity. (A) Molecular ...Figure 12.8. Activation of a DNA‐specific B cell via TLR‐9 signaling. An ant...Figure 12.9. Autoantibodies specific for cell surface receptors can cause au...Figure 12.10. Typical reddish malar rash on the face of a young girl with SL...Figure 12.11. Antibody deposition in the kidney of a patient with SLE. Fluor...Figure 12.12. A goiter in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Figure 12.13. Light micrograph of islets of Langerhans. (A) Pancreas of a no...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1. (A) Electron micrograph of a normal mast cell illustrating the ...Figure 13.2. Mast cell degranulation mediated by antigen cross‐linking of Ig...Figure 13.3. Induction of mast cell degranulation.Figure 13.4. Mediators released during activation of mast cells.Figure 13.5. Late‐phase reaction of type I IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity sho...Figure 13.6. Overview of induction and effector mechanisms in type I hyperse...Figure 13.7. The wheal and flare reaction (atopic urticaria).Figure 13.8. The destruction of a worm by eosinophils that have migrated to ...Figure 13.9. Electron micrograph (×6000) of eosinophils (E) adhering to an a...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1. Schematic illustration of three different mechanisms of antibod...Figure 14.2. Schematic illustration of the three sequential phases in the in...Figure 14.3. Ribbon‐like deposit of antibody along the basement membrane rev...Figure 14.4. “Lumpy‐bumpy” staining pattern of fluorescent antibody specific...Figure 14.5. Type III hypersensitivity Arthus reaction. (A) Gross appearance...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1. The DTH reaction. Stage of sensitization by antigen involves pr...Figure 15.2. The effect of IFN‐γ on peritoneal macrophages. (A) Normal macro...Figure 15.3. (A) Type IV contact sensitivity reaction: gross appearance of r...Figure 15.4. (A) Type IV DTH reaction (tuberculin reaction): gross appearanc...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1. Sites of defective lymphopoietic development associated with pr...Figure 16.2. T−B+ subgroup. (A) When this chain is missing, cytokine r...Figure 16.3.
