studies have distanced themselves from constructivist views; see Mollow, “Disability Studies Gets Fat”; Mollow and McRuer, “Fattening Austerity.”33 33. Guthman, Weighing In, 47–63; Moran, Governing Bodies, 112–54.
34 34. Dilley (ed.), Darwinian Evolution; Mackert, “I Want to Be a Fat Man”; Gilman, Fat Boys; Farrell, Fat Shame.
35 35. Wildt, Beginn der Konsumgesellschaft, 73–108; Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 111–65; Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty, 101–30; Moran, Governing Bodies, 112–31.
36 36. Biltekoff, Eating Right, 115; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 136; Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men; Kury, Der überforderte Mensch, 109–75.
37 37. Levenstein, Fear of Food, 124–35; Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 320.
38 38. Biltekoff, Eating Right; Dufty, Sugar Blues; Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 320.
39 39. Davis, From Head Shops to Whole Foods; Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma; Belasco, Appetite for Change; Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 322.
40 40. Cowie, Great Exception, 182, 202; Simon, Hamlet Fire; Doering-Manteuffel and Raphael, Nach dem Boom.
41 41. Guthman, Weighing In, 116–39; Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma; Simon, “Geography of Silence.”
42 42. Allcott et al., “Geography of Poverty”; Florida, “Food Deserts”; Reynolds and Mirosa, “Want Amidst Plenty”; Coleman-Jensen, “U.S. Food Insecurity Status”; Barrett, “Measuring Food Insecurity.”
43 43. Guthman, Weighing In, 163–84; Martschukat, “On Choice.”
44 44. Biltekoff, Eating Right, 94–5; Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade.” The quote comes from a letter cited in Edgely et al., “Rhetoric of Aerobics,” 188.
45 45. Davis, From Head Shops to Whole Foods, 176–223; Belasco, Appetite for Change; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 116–24; on the overlap between counterculture and flexible capitalism, see Reichhardt, Authentizität und Gemeinschaft.
46 46. Zukin, Naked City.
47 47. Serazio, “Ethos Groceries”; Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 123.
48 48. Handelsblatt, December 30, 1985, quoted in Möhring, “Ethnic Food,” 322.
49 49. Elliott, Better Than Well; Biltekoff, Eating Right, 84–91, 94; Levenstein, Fear of Food, 142–59; MarketsandMarkets, “Weight Loss Management.”
50 50. Crawford, “Boundaries of the Self,” 1356; Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, 130: “Cooking is good citizenship”; Paul Nolte, “Das große Fressen”; Biltekoff, Eating Right, 99–108; Belasco, Appetite for Change, 196–7; Moran, Governing Bodies, 132–54.
51 51. On the concept of sport, see Eisenberg, “English Sports” und deutsche Bürger; Guttmann, From Ritual to Record; on the distinction between sport and fitness, see Graf, “Leistungsfähig,” 139–40; Bette, Sportsoziologie, 5–6. The term “fitness,” described as “Germanized” American English, first appeared in Duden in 1976, which defined it as a “good physical condition, performance capacity [based on the methodical practice of sport],” and provided the following example: “to maintain one’s fitness through recreational sport”: Duden: Das große Wörterbuch, 851. Dilger, Fitnessbewegung in Deutschland, 238–45; Müllner, “Sich in Form bringen”; Scholl, “Europäische Biopolitik?”
52 52. See DSB ads associated with the get-fit campaign “Ein Schlauer trimmt die Ausdauer” (“The Smart Ones Get Fit through Endurance”) (1975–8) on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7n-lUy1dAs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWkjnPiXlJ0 (July 2, 2016); Pfütsch, “Zwischen Gesundheit und Schönheit.”
53 53. Ninety percent of respondents in a representative municipal survey carried out by K. Bös and A. Woll in the 1980s were familiar with Trimmy; see Mörath, Trimm-Aktionen, 11.
54 54. Essen und Trimmen – beides muß stimmen, Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung; in 1980, the Federal Center for Health Education published a workbook on the topic “eat well and get fit – you need both.”
55 55. Reed, “America Shapes Up.”
56 56. Barney, “Book Review: Whorton,” here 104; Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade.”
57 57. New-York-City-Marathon, in Wikipedia, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York-City-Marathon (accessed July 5, 2016) and Berlin-Marathon, in Wikipedia, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Marathon (accessed July 5, 2016).
58 58. Runner’s World was launched in 1966 as a homemade magazine published by a running fan with two issues a year and a print run of 500 copies. By the end of the 1970s, the magazine had long since attained a professional editorial staff and appeared monthly, with a print run of 500,000 copies; Black, Making the American Body, 77; McKenzie, Getting Physical, 129.
59 59. Sheehan, “Medical Advice”; on the agency of fat, see Forth, “On Fat.”
60 60. Martschukat, “What Diet Can Do.”
61 61. Hanner, “Beginning Running”: “[running] has really changed my entire existence around”; Fischer, Mein langer Lauf.
62 62. Corbitt, “Adjusting to Advancing Age.”
63 63. On the 1970s as an era characterized by both the counterculture and neoliberalism, see Tuck, “Introduction,” and the other contributions to the journal issue. On European history in this regard, see the special issue of Zeithistorische Forschungen on “Die 1970er Jahre.”
64 64. Luciano, Looking Good, 121.
65 65. On this recent history of fitness in the United States, see McKenzie, Getting Physical. On the running movement, see Plymire, “Positive Addiction”; on the spirituality of this movement, see Edgely et al., “Rhetoric”; on the search for moral leadership as a driving force of the transformation of the United States since the 1970s, see Krämer, Moral Leaders; on the new morality and physicality, see Metzl and Kirkland (eds.), Against Health.
66 66. Cooper, Aerobics. Cooper, The New Aerobics, was hugely successful.
67 67. Bassler, “Live Like a Marathoner.” For an overview, see Rader, “The Quest.”
68 68. On the body and health as key issues of the women’s movement, see Kline, Bodies of Knowledge. Initially, the feminist movement was predominantly white. From the mid-1970s on, however, black women increasingly highlighted issues emerging at the intersection of feminism and antiracism. For a summary of Black feminism and intersectionality, see Mackert, “Kimberlé Crenshaw.”
69 69. Women’s advocates’ relationship to competitive sports was somewhat more ambivalent. On the one hand, many aspects of such sports now opened up to women that had previously been denied them, and female athletes became role models in part because they incorporated themselves proactively into a competitive order. On the other hand, feminists criticized competitive sports as a typical embodiment of aggressive masculinity. Cahn, Coming on Strong; Schultz, Qualifying
