style="font-size:15px;"> It was reduced by the arms of Agrippa. Orosius, vi. 21. Eutropius, vii. 9. The Romans once advanced within three days’ march of the Tanais. Tacit. Annal. xii. 17.
Ref. 115
See the Toxaris of Lucian, if we credit the sincerity and the virtues of the Scythian, who relates a great war of his nation against the kings of Bosphorus.
Ref. 116
Zosimus, l. i. p. 28 [31. Coins prove that the lineal succession did not cease before 267 at the earliest.]
Ref. 117
Strabo, l. xi. [p. 495]. Tacit. Hist. iii. 47. They were called Camaræ.
Ref. 118
See a very natural picture of the Euxine navigation, in the xvith letter of Tournefort.
Ref. 119
Arrian places the frontier garrison at Dioscurias, or Sebastopolis, forty-four miles to the east of Pityus. The garrison of Phasis consisted in his time of only four hundred foot. See the Periplus of the Euxine. [For the Gothic invasions see Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, i. ch. 1.]
Ref. 120
Zosimus, l. i. p. 30. [256 ad]
Ref. 121
Arrian (in Periplo Maris Euxin. p. 130 ) calls the distance 2610 stadia.
Ref. 122
Xenophon, Anabasis, l. iv. p. 348. Edit. Hutchinson [c. 8].
Ref. 123
Arrian, p. 129 . The general observation is Tournefort’s.
Ref. 124
See an epistle of Gregory Thaumaturgus, bishop of Neo-Cæsarea, quoted by Mascou, v. 37.
Ref. 125
Zosimus, l. i. p. 32, 33 .
Ref. 126
Itiner. Hierosolym, p. 572. Wesseling.
Ref. 127
Zosimus, l. i. p. 32, 33 .
Ref. 128
He besieged the place with 400 galleys, 150,000 foot, and a numerous cavalry. See Plutarch in Lucul. . Appian in Mithridat. . Cicero pro Lege Maniliâ, c. 8.
Ref. 129
Strabo, l. xii. p. 573.
Ref. 130
Pocock’s Descriptions of the East, l. ii. c. 23, 24.
Ref. 131
Zosimus, l. i. p. 33 .
Ref. 132
Syncellus [i. p. 717, ed. Bonn] tells an unintelligible story of Prince Odenathus, who defeated the Goths, and who was killed by Prince Odenathus.
Ref. 133
Voyages de Chardin, tom. i. p. 45. He sailed with the Turks from Constantinople to Caffa.
Ref. 134
Syncellus (p. 382) [ib.] speaks of this expedition as undertaken by the Heruli.
Ref. 135
Strabo, l. xi. p. 495.
Ref. 136
[Gibbon omits to mention that the Goths sustained a severe naval defeat, before they entered the Propontis, at the hands of Venerianus. Hist. August. xxiii. 13.]
Ref. 137
Plin. Hist. Natur. iii. 7 [error for iv. 7].
Ref. 138
[The renewed wall was known as the wall of Valerian. See Zosimus, i. 29. A wall was built at the same time across the Isthmus. For this invasion of Greece, see Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter, i. 16 sqq.]
Ref. 139
[The monuments of Athens seem on this occasion to have been spared.]
Ref. 140
Hist. August. p. 181 [xxiii. 13]. Victor [Cæsar.], c. 33. Orosius, vii. 42. Zosimus, l. i. p. 35 . Zonaras, l. xii. 635 . Syncellus, p. 382 [i. p. 717, ed. Bonn]. It is not without some attention that we can explain and conciliate their imperfect hints. We can still discover some traces of the partiality of Dexippus, in the relation of his own and his countrymen’s exploits. [Frag. 21. An epigram on Dexippus as a scholar, not as a deliverer, has been preserved. C.I.A. iii. 1, No. 716.]
Ref. 141
[Gibbon has omitted to mention the attack of the Goths on Thessalonica, which almost proved fatal to that city. This incident spread terror throughout the Illyric peninsula, and thoroughly frightened the government. It was probably the immediate cause of the restoration of the walls of Athens and the other fortifications in Greece. See Zosimus, i. 29, and perhaps Eusebius in Müller, F.H.G. v. 1, 21.]
Ref. 142
Syncellus, p. 382 [ib.]. This body of Heruli was for a long time faithful and famous.
Ref. 143
Claudius, who commanded on the Danube, thought with propriety and acted with spirit. His colleague was jealous of his fame. Hist. August. p. 181 [xxiii. 14].
Ref. 144
Jornandes, c. 20.
Ref. 145
Zosimus, and the Greeks (as the author of the Philopatris [see below, p. 131, note 81]), give the name of Scythians to those whom Jornandes, and the Latin writers, constantly represent as Goths.
Ref. 146
Hist. August. p. 178 [xxiii. 6]. Jornandes, c. 20. [The chronology is extremely doubtful. It seems more probable that Ephesus suffered in an earlier invasion. See Hodgkin, i. 62.]
Ref. 147
Strabo, l. xiv. p. 640. Vitruvius, l. i. c. 1, præfat. l. vii. Tacit. Annal. iii. 71. Plin. Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 14.
Ref. 148
The length of St. Peter’s is 840 Roman palms; each palm is a very little short of nine English inches. See Greave’s Miscellanies, vol. i. p. 233, On the Roman foot.
Ref. 149
The
