History 40, no. 3 (2005): 565–84, and his book, The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), esp. 237–44. Juliane Fürst is writing now a book about Soviet hippies. See her recent publications: “We All Live in a Yellow Submarine: Life in a Leningrad Commune,” in Dropping out of Socialism: The Creation of Alternative Spheres in the Soviet Bloc, eds. Juliane Fürst and Josie McLellan (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 197–207; and “If You’re Going to Moscow, Be Sure to Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair: The Soviet Hippie Sistema and Its Life In, Despite and With Stagnation,” in Reconsidering Stagnation in the Brezhnev Era, eds. Dina Fainberg and Artemy Kalinovsky (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 123–46. On some aspects of Soviet youth culture, see Gleb Tsipursky, Socialist Fun: Youth, Consumption, and State-Sponsored Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1945–1970 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016) and Sergei I. Zhuk, Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1985 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press & Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2010). For these publications, the authors (including myself) did not use KGB documents from the SBU Archive in Kyiv.
3 According to Christopher Andrew, “throughout the Cold War, Soviet intelligence regarded the United States as its ‘main adversary.’ In second place at the beginning of the Cold War was the United States’ closest ally, the United Kingdom. In third position came France.” See in Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 150.
4 On the transformation of the United States’ image under Stalin and Khrushchev, see Rósa Magnúsdóttir, Enemy Number One: The United States of America in Soviet Ideology and Propaganda, 1945–1959 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), esp. 73, 151.
5 Haluzevyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Sluzhby Bezpeky Ukrainy (hereafter: HDA SBU), f. 16, op. 1, spr. 902, ark. 35, 142. Unless otherwise stated, all excerpts from archival documents have been translated by the author from Russian into English. Compare with the original: “Главную угрозу советской Украине представляют украинские буржуазные националисты, сионисты и сектанты—все на службе и финансовой поддержке разведок США и Англии.”
6 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 919, ark. 60–61.
7 Rudolf Pihoia, “Chekhoslovakia 1968 god (Part 1),” Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 6 (1994): 24–28. See also Mark Kramer, ed., “Ukraine and the Soviet-Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968 (Part I): New Evidence from the Diary of Petro Shelest,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 10 (1998): 234–47; Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 251.
8 Vitalii K. Vrublevskii, Vladimir Shcherbitskii: zapiski pomoshchnika: slukhi, legendy, dokumenty (Kyiv: Dovira, 1993), 167–68.
9 It is based on my calculations of criminal cases from 1971 (HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1017) to 1989 (spr. 1271). An analysis of various official KGB reports to Ukraine’s Communist Party leadership has confirmed the preliminary calculations (spr. 1056, ark. 1–311; spr. 1115, ark. 5–310; spr. 1115, ark. 25–301; spr. 1209, ark. 25–290).
10 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1249, ark. 147–49. On the Soviet youth’s fascination with American jazz and rock music as early as September 1964, see especially the September 1964 KGB report in HDA SBU, f. 1, op. 1, spr. 1567, ark. 151–52.
11 See the material about the KGB operations and Prague Spring in Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 247–61.
12 The author’s interview with Ihor T., a KGB officer, 15 May 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.
13 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 253–88.
14 This survey was submitted to the KGB on 13 September 1968. See “Obzor: Odesskoe studenchestvo. 1968 god” [“The Odessa College Students (1968)”] in HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 255–88.
15 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 258–59.
16 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 275–76.
17 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 275.
18 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 273.
19 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 274.
20 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 275.
21 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 274.
22 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 277–78. For a detailed discussion about Ukrainian speakers’ Russification who moved to the city of Dnipropetrovsk from the Ukrainian countryside, see Zhuk, Rock and Roll, 176–79.
23 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 263, 281.
24 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 280–81.
25 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 281–82. For more details about the cult of The Magnificent Seven among Soviet youth, see Sergei I. Zhuk, Soviet Americana: The Cultural History of Russian and Ukrainian Americanists (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2018 [London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019]), 138–140.
26 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 281–83.
27 Banderovtsy was derived from the name of Stepan Bandera, a leader of the OUN radical branch. His name became a symbol of the Ukrainian national cause in western Ukraine since the late 1940s. See Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 125–28, 141–51.
28 Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Dnipropetrovskoi Oblasti (hereafter: DADO), f. 19, op. 52,
