target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_df43e5e7-c440-5889-a2d2-3aa6d3a0ea02">55 The author’s interview with Stepan K., a retired KGB/SBU officer, 2 February 2019, Kyiv, Ukraine.
56 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1200, ark. 68.
57 Ibid.
58 The author’s interview with Stepan K., retired SBU/KGB officer, 2 February 2019, Kyiv, Ukraine. For more details about these Italian films, see Zhuk, Rock and Roll, 145–48.
59 Artemy Troitsky, Back in the USSR: The True Story of Rock in Russia (London: Omnibus Press, 1987), 42–43.
60 Even during Gorbachev’s perestroika, local journalists and KGB officials still employed these materials. They reprinted some of the British punks’ declarations for Komsomol ideologists’ needs and tasks. See L. Gamolsky, N. Efremenko, and V. Inshakov, Na barrikadakh sovesti: Ocherki, razmyshleniia, interviu (Dnipropetrovsk: Politizdat, 1988), 139. The author’s interview with Igor T., a KGB officer, 15 May 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine; the author’s interview with Mikhail Suvorov, 1 June 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine. For a discussion about similar practices in Hungary, see Anna Szemere, Up from the Underground: The Culture of Rock Music in Postsocialist Hungary (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).
61 The author’s interview with Mikhail Suvorov, 1 June 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine; see also the Communist Party veteran Nadezhda Sarana’s open letter entitled “We Declare War against Everybody Who Interferes in Our Lives and Work!” [Boi tem, kto meshaet nam stroit i zhit!], denouncing the local punks, and A. Liamina and L. Gamolskii, “Grazhdaninom byt obiazan” about the 22 December 1982 public trial in Dnipropetrovsk in Dnepr vechernii, 23 December 1982, p. 3. Compare these texts with that of the activists’ reaction in “Iz vystuplenii uchastnikov sobraniia,” in Dnepr vechernii, 23 December 1982, p. 3. See also L. Vasilieva, “Takim ne mesto sredi nas!” Dnepr vechernii, 10 January 1983, p. 3.
62 Heavy metal music, known as “metal,” is a genre of rock music that emerged in the late 1960s and further developed in the early 1970s in the United Kingdom and the United States.
63 Gamolsky, Efremenko, and Inshakov, Na barrikadakh sovesti, 133.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid.,134. In 1984–1985, some university students suffered persecutions for having posters of the British band Black Sabbath. The author’s interview with Oleksandr Beznosov, 19 July 2008, the Department of History, Dnipropetrovsk University, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.
66 Gamolsky, Efremenko, and Inshakov, 135–36.
67 The journalist continued: “Let’s think again! There is no justification for collecting the Nazi regalia! Many people in the West understand this. Leon Rappoport, an American professor from the University of Kansas, was absolutely right, when he sincerely declared: ‘Collecting Nazi relics is certainly one of the forms of fascist propaganda.’” See Gamolsky, Efremenko, and Inshakov, 135–36; the author’s interview with Mikhail Suvorov, 1 June 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.
68 Yu. Lystopad, “Ideolohichna borotba i molod (Notatky z oblasnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii),” Prapor iunosti, 17 December 1983, p. 2.
69 Gamolsky, Efremenko, and Inshakov, 137.
70 For more about this film and similar cases during perestroika, see Richard Stites, Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 152, 168, 170; interview with Ihor T., a retired KGB officer, 15 May 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine; Ihor T. also mentioned the Italian film’s influences on Ukraine’s youth.
71 Tsentralnyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Hromadskykh Obiednan Ukrainy (TsDAHOU), f. 7, op. 20, spr. 3087, ark. 43 (“Otchet Dnepropetrovskogo OK LKSMU ot 23 dekabria 1983 g.”).
72 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1197, ark. 30–31, 68–69; spr. 1200, ark. 236–237; interview with Ihor T., a retired KGB officer, 15 May 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.
73 On how Soviet young consumers used films about the Italian mafia by Damiano Damiani to criticize the USSR as a mafia state, see Sergei I. Zhuk, “‘The Disco Mafia’ and ‘Komsomol Capitalism’ in Soviet Ukraine during Late Socialism,” in Material Culture in Russia and the USSR: Things, Values, Identities, ed. Graham H. Roberts (London and Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017), 173–95.
74 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1192, ark. 68–69; f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1199, ark. 49.
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