principles of chemical vapor infiltratio...Figure 12.2.32 Setup of temperature‐ and pressure‐gradient CVI. (a) Preform ...Figure 12.2.33 Graphitization furnace [44].Figure 12.2.34 Fiber–matrix SEM image. Impregnated carbon in the gap between...Figure 12.2.35 CFRC microstructure with surface‐treated carbon fibers (HTS)....Figure 12.2.36 CFRC microstructure with untreated carbon fibers (HTU): delam...Figure 12.2.37 Unidirectionally reinforced CFRC straps [44].Figure 12.2.38 Dependence of the interlaminar shear strength on bulk density...Figure 12.2.39 Thermal conductivity λ as a function of the temperature ...Figure 12.2.40 Thermal conductivity λ as a function of the temperature for s...Figure 12.2.41 Thermal conductivity λ as a function of temperature for fabri...Figure 12.2.42 Thermal conductivity as a function of the temperature of unid...Figure 12.2.43 Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for CFRC ma...Figure 12.2.44 Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature for CFRC ma...Figure 12.2.45 Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature of CFRC pro...Figure 12.2.46 Coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of temperature...Figure 12.2.47 Coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of temperature...Figure 12.2.48 Thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature fo...Figure 12.2.49 Electrical resistivity as a function of temperature for vario...Figure 12.2.50 Angular dependence of the coefficient of friction μ of u...Figure 12.2.51 Effect of high‐temperature treatment of CFRC on friction coef...Figure 12.2.52 CFRC brake pad for motor racing [130].Figure 12.2.53 Oxidation behavior of CFRC (67 wt% fiber, heat treatment temp...Figure 12.2.54 Oxidation behavior of CFRC for various final heat treatment t...Figure 12.2.55 Isothermal oxidation behavior of CFRC at 650 °C in dry air [1...Figure 12.2.56 Influence of air currents on the oxidation behavior of CFRC a...Figure 12.2.57 Coating system for long‐term oxidation protection of CFRC abo...Figure 12.2.58 Dependence of the interlaminar shear strength of fabric‐reinf...Figure 12.2.59 Force–displacement diagram for a CFRC bending test sample in ...Figure 12.2.60 CFRC fracture mechanics test sample after mode I loading [164...Figure 12.2.61 Compression strength of CFRC according to different standards...Figure 12.2.62 “Elastic moduli” of CFRC under tensile and flexural load, cal...Figure 12.2.63 Values of the tensile and compression strength parallel and p...Figure 12.2.64 Failure body for the Tsai–Wu hypothesisFigure 12.2.65 Longitudinal cracks (fissures) in a loaded CFRC bolt [169].Figure 12.2.66 Comparison of numerically and experimentally obtained elastic...Figure 12.2.67 CFRC pipe test samples in size comparison [161].Figure 12.2.68 Tests conducted on wound CFRC pipe sections [161].Figure 12.2.69 Axial stress along a CFRC tube (outer diameter 324 mm, wall t...Figure 12.2.70 Comparison of the bursting pressure split‐disk tests [161].Figure 12.2.71 CFRC airplane brakes [44].Figure 12.2.72 CFRC expansion nozzle for Hytex engines (manufacturer: SGL Ca...Figure 12.2.73 CFRC nozzle with SiC coating [44].Figure 12.2.74 CFRC test mold for the superplastic deformation of titanium b...Figure 12.2.75 CFRC heating elements [1,44].Figure 12.2.76 CFRC charging rigs [1,44].Figure 12.2.77 CFRC ventilators [1].Figure 12.2.78 CFRC pressing mold for glass manufactured on the basis of car...Figure 12.2.79 CFRC scoop for molten glass [1].Figure 12.2.80 CFRC small parts for the glass industry [1].Figure 12.2.81 CFRC packings for the chemical industry [1,44]. (a) Small siz...Figure 12.2.82 CFRC grate for chemical apparatus [1].Figure 12.2.83 CFRC pipe bend for reactor technology [44].Figure 12.2.84 CFRC tiles for nuclear fusion [1].Figure 12.2.85 CFRC crucible for silicon monocrystal production [44].29 Chapter 12-3Figure 12.3.1 Schematic overview of the different methods used for the build...Figure 12.3.2 CVI–pyC fiber coating clearly visible on SiC fibers in a SiC/S...Figure 12.3.3 Schematic overview of the manufacture of C/SiC materials via I...Figure 12.3.4 Calculated SiC deposition thickness dependent on the depth of ...Figure 12.3.5 Schematic overview of a I–CVI facility (a).[20]. Experimen...Figure 12.3.6 Schematic overview of the manufacture of C/SiC materials via P...Figure 12.3.7 Schematic overview of the manufacture of C/SiC materials via M...Figure 12.3.8 Schematic overview of industrially used methods for providing ...Figure 12.3.9 Near net shape CFRP preform (≈Ø 330 × 32 mm2) based on short f...Figure 12.3.10 Wet filament wound C/C–SiC nozzle structure (feasibility stud...Figure 12.3.11 Exemplary C/C–SiC structures, manufactured via MI process. Th...Figure 12.3.12 C/C–SiC nose cap with in situ joined Ω‐profiles after silicon...Figure 12.3.13 Schematic overview of the manufacture of short C/C bundles in...Figure 12.3.14 Schematic overview of the production steps for a ventilated C...Figure 12.3.15 Weight‐specific strength of materials as a function of temper...Figure 12.3.16 Schematic illustration of energy absorbing phenomena in CMC (...Figure 12.3.17 SEM of bending samples, showing the typical, quasi‐ductile fr...Figure 12.3.18 Typical microstructures of C fiber reinforced SiC based on 2D...Figure 12.3.19 Typical microstructures of Si melt‐infiltrated C/SiC based on...Figure 12.3.20 Microstructures of MI materials based on randomly oriented sh...Figure 12.3.21 Flexural strength (three‐point bending, DIN EN 658‐3) in depe...Figure 12.3.22 Influence of the fiber content on the flexural strength (thre...Figure 12.3.23 Influence of the fiber orientation to the material properties...Figure 12.3.24 Typical CTE of 2D reinforced C/C–SiC materials parallel and p...Figure 12.3.25 Typical thermal conductivity of 2D reinforced C/C–SiC materia...Figure 12.3.26 Thermal conductivity of short fiber‐based C/C–SiC materials (...Figure 12.3.27 Cross section of a C/C–SiC specimen after thermal treatment i...Figure 12.3.28 Typical application areas for C/SiC and C/C–SiC materials dep...Figure 12.3.29 Nose section of the Buran with nose cap made of C/SiC (top)....Figure 12.3.30 C/SiC and C/C–SiC structures for X38 spacecraft (a, NASA). C/...Figure 12.3.31Figure 12.3.31 Artists view of the IXV experiment (a, ESA) bas...Figure 12.3.32 Faceted TPS structures for the Sharp Edge Flight Experiments ...Figure 12.3.33 C/SiC nozzle extension technology demonstrator (∅ 1330 mm/∅ 4...Figure 12.3.34 Nozzle extension made of C/SiC (∅ 2.2 m; upper part) and C/C ...Figure 12.3.35 Hypersonic demonstration aircrafts X‐51 WaveRider (artist's v...Figure 12.3.36 CAD model of the LCT, showing the telescope assembly (a)....Figure 12.3.37 C/SiC outer flap (430 × 300 × 2 mm3, b), manufactured via I–C...Figure 12.3.38 Thrust vector control (TVC) system of solid propellant rocket...Figure 12.3.39 Short fiber‐based C/SiC brake disk rotor (Ø 380 mm), manufact...Figure 12.3.40 C/C–SiC aftermarket tuning brake disks for motorcycles. Front...Figure 12.3.41 Porsche Ceramic Composite Clutch (PCCC) based on carbon fiber...Figure 12.3.42 Multidisk brake system (b) for the propeller of the A400M (a)...Figure 12.3.43 Emergency brake system of high speed elevators (a, Schindler ...Figure 12.3.44 Schematic view of the crash test facility (a) and lower brake...Figure 12.3.45 Emergency runner system for the Transrapid (a, DLR) in Shangh...
30 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Variety of carbon.Figure 13.2 Publication numbers of nanocarbon‐related papers according to th...Figure 13.3 Electronic structure of graphene. 2D (a) and 3D contour view (b)...Figure 13.4 (a) Low‐ and (b) high‐magnification TEM images of rice husk‐deri...Figure 13.5 Experimental procedures of (a) preparing graphene via the soluti...Figure 13.6 (a) Molecular structure of rhodamine B (RhB). (b) Schematic illu...Figure 13.7 Trends in the number of publications about CNTs and their practi...Figure 13.8 Theoretical way of rolling a graphene sheet (a) in order to obta...Figure 13.9 Structural model and TEM image of peapod‐based DWNTs (a, yellow)...Figure 13.10 Surface and pore structure of DWNT bundle.Figure 13.11 (a) Setup of coin cell used for LIB test. Note that a 2 mm obse...Figure 13.12 Low frequency Raman spectra of a SWNT web (a, b) and a DWNT web...Figure 13.13 (a) N2adsorption isotherms of SWNTs and DWNTs at 77 K. The inse...Figure 13.14 HR‐TEM images of filled CNTs. (a) Mo‐wire@DWNT.(b) S@SWCNT ...Figure 13.15 (a) Cross‐sectional HR‐TEM image of large DWNT bundle and (b) h...Figure 13.16 (a) Low frequency Raman spectra of DWNTs (grown by a CCVD metho...Figure 13.17 Cross‐sectional high‐resolution transmission electron microscop...Figure 13.18 Molecular models showing the effect of intercalated B atoms bet...Figure 13.19 (a) TEM image of DWNT‐peapods. (b) TWNTs obtained by DWNTs‐peap...Figure 13.20 Visual appearances of pure polyimide (a), non‐isolated DWNTs/po...Figure 13.21 (a) UV–visible absorption spectra of DWNTs dispersed in a solut...Figure 13.22 (a, b) TEM images of an individual electrospun nanofiber and (c...Figure 13.23 (a) Photograph of a freestanding, thin, and bendable DWNT/DNA f...Figure 13.24 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the smallest workin...Figure 13.25 (a) FE‐SEM image of pitch‐based carbon fibers, (b) FE‐SEM image...Figure 13.26 (a) Photographs of petroleum exploration setup. (b) Petroleum e...Figure 13.27 Typical SEM images of the (a) carbon black‐ and (b) MWNT‐incorp...Figure 13.28 (a) Schematic illustration of the dye‐printing system for mass ...Figure 13.29
