the remaining Greek force of 300 Spartans.
The route of the path has long been a source of scholarly dispute (e.g., Pritchett 1982, 176–210), in part due to the fact that the landmarks Herodotus names—Melampygus (“Black‐bottom”) Rock, Seats of the Cercopes, and even the settlement of ALPENUS—cannot be identified with any certainty. The most recent discussion (Sánchez‐Moreno 2013, 313–20) suggests the quest for certitude is futile, since even in antiquity the route was probably a loose collection of pathways rather than a well‐marked trail.
SEE ALSO: Asopus River (Trachis); Hydarnes son of Hydarnes; Landscape; Malians; Persian Wars; Phocis; Treachery
REFERENCES
1 Pritchett, W. Kendrick. 1982. Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part IV (Passes). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2 Sánchez‐Moreno, Eduardo. 2013. “Communication Routes in and around Epicnemidian Locris.” In Topography and History of Ancient Epicnemidian Locris, edited by José Pascual and Maria‐Foteini Papakonstantinou, 279–335. Leiden: Brill.
FURTHER READING
1 Müller I, 294–302.
2 Vannicelli, Pietro, and Aldo Corcella, eds. 2017. Erodoto. Le Storie, libro VII: Serse e Leonida, 566–67. Milan: Mondadori.
3 Wallace P. W. 1980. “The Anopaia Path at Thermopylai.” AJA 84: 15–23.
ANTAGORAS (Ἀνταγόρης, ὁ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
Patronymic, father of HEGETORIDES, from the island of COS. His son is described as a close guest‐friend of the Spartan regent PAUSANIAS (9.76.2). Nothing more is known of Antagoras. He shared his name with the son of the legendary Coan king Eurypylus (Hom. Il. 2.677); the mythical Antagoras foolishly challenged a shipwrecked HERACLES to a wrestling match and lost (Plut. Mor. 304c–e; Gantz, EGM 444). Today, one can find on Cos a (modern) statue of Heracles and Antagoras wrestling, as well as a sports complex named after Antagoras.
SEE ALSO: Guest‐friendship
FURTHER READING
1 Sherwin‐White, Susan M. 1978. Ancient Cos: An Historical Study from the Dorian Settlement to the Imperial Period, 317–18. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
ANTANDRUS ( Ἄντανδρος, ὁ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
A city on the Gulf of ADRAMYTTIUM in the southern Troad below Mt. IDA (BA 56 D2). Herodotus mentions Antandrus in passing twice: as one of the CITIES subdued by the Persian general OTANES (2) c. 510 BCE (5.26), and along the route of XERXES’ invasion in 480 (7.42.1). In the latter passage Herodotus calls the city “Pelasgian,” while THUCYDIDES (8.108.4) makes the inhabitants AEOLIANS. Other sources assign Antrandrus’ origins to various non‐Greek peoples, including the LELEGES (Alcaeus F337 Campbell), the EDONIAN Thracians or CIMMERIANS (Aristotle F478 Rose), and the CILICIANS (Demetrius of Scepsis: Strabo 13.1.51/C606). The city was brought into the ATHENIAN EMPIRE in the 420s after the Mytilenean Revolt (Thuc. 4.52.3). It was later occupied by a Persian garrison, which was driven out in 411 (Thuc. 8.108); two years later, the Antandrians were building ships for the fleet which the Persian satrap Pharnabazus supplied to the Spartans (Xen. Hell. 1.1.25–26).
SEE ALSO: Ethnicity; Lesbos; Pelasgians
FURTHER READING
1 Carusi, Cristina. 2003. Isole e Peree in Asia Minore: contributi allo studio dei rapporti tra poleis insulari e territori continentali dipendenti, 31–32. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore.
2 IACP no. 767 (1004).
ANTHELA (Ἀνθήλη, ἡ)
JEREMY MCINERNEY
University of Pennsylvania
A village two miles west of THERMOPYLAE on the shore of the MALIAN GULF (BA 55 D3). Anthela was the ancestral seat of the Amphictyonic states, who, by the sixth century BCE, controlled DELPHI. A shrine of the local hero AMPHICTYON and a sanctuary of ARTEMIS Amphictyonis were located here (7.200.2). The road through Thermopylae was at its narrowest near Anthela, according to Herodotus (7.176.2), no wider than a cart track. Extensive silting has altered the geomorphology of the region (Kase et al. 1991). Sondages confirm that the coastline in 480 BCE was much closer to the cliffs of Thermopylae.
SEE ALSO: Amphictyones; Phocis
REFERENCE
1 Kase, Edward W., George J. Szemler, Paul W. Wallace, and Nancy C. Wilkie. 1991. The Great Isthmus Corridor Route: Explorations of the Phokis/Doris Expedition. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
FURTHER READING
1 McInerney, Jeremy. 1999. The Folds of Parnassos: Land and Ethnicity in Ancient Phokis, Appendix 2, 333–39. Austin: University of Texas Press.
ANTHEMUS (Ἀνθεμοῦς, ὁ)
CHRISTOPHER BARON
University of Notre Dame
The Macedonian king AMYNTAS SON OF ALCETAS offered Anthemus to HIPPIAS, the exiled Athenian TYRANT, after SPARTA’s allies refused to help re‐install him at ATHENS (c. 504 BCE). Hippias declined and withdrew to SIGEIUM in the Troad, a traditional power base for the PEISISTRATIDAE (5.94.1). The city of Anthemus appears to have developed only in the fourth century BCE, so Amyntas’ offer must pertain to a region: the valley of the Anthemus River, flowing from the interior of the Chalcidice peninsula into the THERMAIC GULF south of the later site of Thessalonike (BA 50 D4). The offer indicates that the area was under Macedonian control at this date (cf. Thuc. 2.99.6); Amyntas may have acted with an eye to pleasing the Persian King (Xydopoulos 2012).
SEE ALSO: Iolcus; Macedonia; Medize
REFERENCE
1 Xydopoulos, Ι. Κ. 2012. “Anthemus and Hippias: The Policy of Amyntas I.” ICS 37: 21–37.
FURTHER READING
1 IACP no. 562 (824–25).
ANTHROPOLOGY
PASCAL PAYEN
University of Toulouse–Jean Jaurès
