H-EF system with Fe oxides surrounded by Cu and N on HPC (hollow porous C) as cathodic FeOx/CuNxHPC was inferred to give a good degradability for phenol (100%/90 min/variable pH) and (81%/120 min/pH6). Slow redox reaction (Fe2+/Fe3+) favored e− movement, and formation of ·OH, that were essentials for degradation in this ambient condition [59]. In a similar fashion a three-layered H-EF catalyst as FMN “CFP@PANI@Fe3O4” engineered using electrodeposition-solvothermal method was proven for the removal of 4-NP (100%/60 min/4 runs) at an acidic pH (3) and TOC (51.2%/7 runs) at the same pH [60]. Enrichment of electrocatalytic capacity was attributed to formation of Fe3O4 on the functionalized surface of the conducting layers. Wang, Y. et al. fabricated γ-FeOOH GPCA cathodic EF-catalyst for experimenting the degradability of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (~90%/5runs). Twelve degraded products by, hydroxylation, isomerization, and oxidation reactions were identified using chromatographic trials [61]. Table 1.1 depicts trials developed by some research personalities.
1.4 Hetero Photo-Fenton as FNMs
Organic effluent’s water management is achieved well, in normal environmental pre-requisites of pH, where the hetero-photo Fenton has a good stability and reusability for notable cycles. Photo-Fenton (PF) catalytic redox reaction may utilize membrane percolation and magnetic purification to effectually decompose OPs into CO2 and H2O. Semiconductors, phosphates/oxides/oxyhalides/sulfides/molybdates/tungstates/vanadates of transition and other metals, g-C3N4, G, GO, QDs, and MOFs have fascinated the researchers to a larger degree, for probing a simplified and a cost-effective FNMs [78, 79]. Excellent features with required bandgap, got by photo-excitation in an environmentally friendly way, of the materials with notable lattice parametric change, safe guard water system by nanocatalytic action. Figure 1.4 is a graphical representation of FNMs as PF catalyst for water resource management.
Figure 1.4 Functionalized nanomaterials as photo-Fenton catalyst for water resource management
1.4.1 Heterogenous-Fentons-Based FNMs
FNM PAN with EDC as catalyst was used to study the regeneration efficiency of the material in use, by the experimentalist. Further, the regenerated catalytic reaction as heterogenous Fenton (HF) was found to be a better option for degrading RO-16 [80]. Living species vulnerable to the revelation of pharmaceutical organic lteftovers in the water system causing ecological barriers was the point of attack by reporters
