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CHAPTER 78: Gender and Sex
Theoretical and Methodical Considerations
Synthesis of the Current Scholarship and Aims of this Chapter
Writing About Sexual Differences: The Literary Sources
Sexual Differences and Gender in Script, Language, and Grammar
Concepts of Royal Manliness
Concepts of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu
Concepts of Subordinated Manliness: Members of the Elite
Concepts of Subordinated Masculinity and Femininity: Ordinary Persians
Manliness and Femininity in the Persian Empire: The View of Greek and Latin Authors
Concepts of Royal Manliness
The Concept of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu
The Concept of Subordinated Manliness: The Nobleman Who is Not the King
Impressions of Subordinated Manliness and Femininity: Ordinary Persians
Effeminates and Eunuchs: A Cause for Friction in Western Perceptions
Summary and Conclusion
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SECTION VIII: THE PERSIAN EMPIRE AT WAR
CHAPTER 79: Legitimization of War
Royal Ideology
The Duties of the King
The Conquest of Greece
The Interests of Persia
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 80: Structure of the Army and Logistics
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 81: Military Organization and Equipment
General Considerations
Basic Clothing
Offensive Weapons
Defensive Weapons
The Elements of an Army
Fleet
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 82: Mercenaries
Introduction
Geographical Location
Date Range and Early Patterns of Use
Ethnicity
Numbers
Mercenary Employment Relations
Types, Combinations, and Contexts of Use
Strengths and Weaknesses
Persian Dependence on Greek Mercenaries
The Overall Incidence of Mercenary Use
REFERENCES
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SECTION IX: RELIGION AND WORSHIP
CHAPTER 83: The Religion of the Achaemenid Rulers
Three Styles of Religion at the Achaemenid Court
The Imperial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids
The Familial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids
The Dynastic Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids
Conclusion
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CHAPTER 84: The Achaemenids and the Avesta
Preliminary Considerations
Zoroastrianism or Non‐Zoroastrianism?
What Are We Comparing?
Der liebe Gott steckt im Detail
The Invisible Ceremony
Conclusion
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER 85: The Heartland Pantheon
Introduction
The Divine World of Achaemenid Pārsa
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 86: Practice of Worship in the Achaemenid Heartland
Terminology
