Diabetic Neuropathy. Friedrich A. Gries

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Diabetic Neuropathy - Friedrich A. Gries

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href="#ulink_1da9582e-ada6-545f-9f29-ef0a834abeaa">Neuropathology of Clinical Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

       Experimental Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

       Pathogenetic Mechanisms

       Pathobiochemistry and Pathophysiology

       Glycemic Control

       D. Ziegler

       Introduction

       Rapidly Reversible Nerve Dysfunction After Correction of Metabolic Derangement

       Role of Intensive Diabetes Therapy in Treatment and Prevention of Diabetic Neuropathy

       Is There a Glycemic Threshold for the Risk of Diabetic Complications?

       Conclusions

       Metabolic Alterations in Experimental Models

       A.A.F. Sima and C.R. Pierson

       Introduction

       The Polyol Pathway and the Na+, K+-ATPase Defect

       Role of Nonenzymatic Glycation

       Role of Oxidative Stress and Alterations in Blood Flow

       Role of Essential Fatty Acids

       Role of Neurotrophic Factors

       Neuropathy Associated with Hyperinsulinemia and Hypoglycemia

       Physiologic Role of Proinsulin C-Peptide

       Relationships Between Metabolic Alterations and Structural Pathology in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Neuropathy

       Future Directions

       Summary

       Glycation and Advanced Glycation Reactions

       J. W. Baynes

       Introduction

       Maillard Reaction Products

       Diabetic Neuropathy

       Conclusions

       Polyolpathway: Aldose Reductase Inhibitors—Hope for the Future?

       E.L. Feldman. K.A. Sullivan, and M.J. Stevens

       Introduction

       Pathophysiology

       Therapy

       Summary

       Nerve Blood Flow

       M.A. Cotter. A. Veves. S. Tesfaye, and N.E. Cameron

       Introduction

       Nerve Blood Flow in Diabetic Patients

       Nerve Axon Reflex

       Blood Vessel Morphology in Diabetic Nerves

       Treatments to Test the Vascular Hypothesis in Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy

       Importance of Neuron Cell Bodies

       Oxidative Stress: An Integrative View

       P.A. Low

       Introduction

       Presence of Oxidative Stress in Human and Experimental Diabetes

       Free Radical Defenses Are Reduced in Peripheral Nerve

       Reduced Oxygen Species Are Increased In Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy

       Changes in Pro-oxidant Status

       Neural Targets of Oxidant Stress

       Synthesis of Pathogenetic Hypothesis

       Concluding Thoughts

       Neurotrophic Factors

       A. Vinik, C. Pittenger, K. Stansberry, T.S. Park, T. Erbas. and M. Skeen

       Introduction

       Insulin and IGFs as Neurotrophic Factors

       Neuroimmunophilins

       Programmed Cell Death and Neuropathy

       Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Its Prevention

       NAAGS in Diabetic Neuropathy

       Therapeutic Potential for Growth Factors

       Caveats on the Use of Neurotrophic Factors in the Clinic

       Autoimmunity

       P.J. Watkins and G. Sundkvist

       Introduction

       Autoimmunity and the Nervous System

       Conclusions

       References

       5 Clinical Features and Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy

       Severity and Staging of Diabetic Polyneuropathy

       P.J. Dyck

       Why Quantitate the Severity of Diabetic Polyneuropathy?

       How Is Severity of Diabetic Polyneuropathy to Be Judged?

       Minimum Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Neuropathy

      

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