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Mechanisms of Pain in Diabetic Neuropathy
Nerve Trunk Pain
Dysesthetic Pain
Peripheral Blood Flow
Glycemic Control
CNS Change Secondary to Damage to the Peripheral Nervous System
Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
D. Ziegler
Introduction
Neuropathic Pain
Clinical Features of Painful Diabetic Neuropathies
Diffuse Polyneuropathies
Measures of Neuropathic Pain
Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Symptomatic Nonpharmacologic Treatment
Conclusions
Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy
Cardiovascular System
V. Spallone, G. Menzinger, and D. Ziegler
Introduction
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prognosis
Clinical Features
Assessment
Clinical Impact
Respiratory Tract
L. Scionti and P. Bottini
Introduction
Abnormalities of Respiration
Gastrointestinal Tract
D. O'Donovan, M. Samson, C. Feinle, K.L. Jones, and M. Horowitz
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Disordered Gut Motility
Impact of Gastrointestinal Motility on Glycemic Control
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Conclusion
Urogenital System
C.G. Stief and D. Ziegler
Introduction
Erectile Dysfunction
Oral Agents
Local Pharmacotherapy
Vacuum Devices
Penile Reconstructive Surgery
Prosthetic Surgery
Bladder Dysfunction
Sudomotor Function
P.A. Low
Normal Sweat Response
Tests of Sudomotor Function
Pupillary Function
R.H. Straub
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pupillary Autonomic Dysfunction in Diabetic Neuropathy
Endocrine Regulation in Response to Physiologic Maneuvers
J. Hilsted and M. Taskiran
Physical Exercise
Orthostatic Hypotension
Treatment
Response to Hypoglycemia
G.B. Bolli, C.G. Fanelli, F. Porcellati, and S. Pampanelli
Introduction
Physiology of Responses to Hypoglycemia
Definition of Hypoglycemia
Pathophysiology of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Role of Recurrent Preceding Hypoglycemia in Responses to Hypoglycemia in Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy
Contribution of Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy Per Se to Reduced Plasma Epinephrine Responses to Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Conclusions
The Diabetic Foot
A.J.M. Boulton
Introduction
Epidemiology and Economic Aspects
Etiopathogenesis of Diabetic Foot Lesions
Sensorimotor Neuropathy
Autonomic Neuropathy
Other Risk Factors
Pathway to Ulceration
Complex Causality
The Patient with Sensory Loss
Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Screening
Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments
Vibration Perception Threshold and Thermal Threshold
Interventions for High Risk Patients
Education
Podiatry/Chiropody
Footwear/Orthoses/Hosiery
Silicone
Diabetic Charcot Neuroarthropathy
