to achieve what is viewed as reasonably safe. For this reason, although governmental statues are certainly important and necessary to be included in this literature list, the designer should understand that well-organized books and up-to-date industry standards are of paramount importance in designing safe machines and products. Because of the fluidity and time-limited exposure of periodical literature, this chapter does not attempt to cite notable magazine articles, journal papers, technical studies, government ‘fact sheets’ and bulletins, or other such literature, despite their importance.
GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS, STATUTES, CODES AND PUBLICATIONS
•Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910: Occupational Safety and Health Standards, parts 1910.1 through 1910.399 (authorized through the Occupational Safety and Health Act—OSHA)
This is the U.S. Department of Labor’s regulation that covers general worker safety, including 1910’s Subpart ‘O’ - Machinery and Machine Guarding (1910.211 through 1910.219), and Subpart ‘P’ - Hand and Portable Tools and Other Hand-Held Equipment (1910.241 through 1910.244). Parts 1910.1 through 1910.399 do not detail many of the engineering requirements for compliance. Instead, they reference other industry standards, including standards issued by or through such organizations as ANSI, ASME, ASSE, IEEE, ISO, NFPA, and UL, to name a few. OSHA standards represent the minimum level of regulatory compliance requirements within the United States.
•Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1926: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, parts 1926.300, and 1926.302 through 1926.307 (authorized through the Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act—OSHA)
This is the U.S. Department of Labor’s regulation covering certain hand tools and power tools, including those typically used in the construction industry, as found in 1926’s Subpart ‘I’ -Tools - Hand and Power (1926.300 through 1926.307).
•Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1928: Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Agriculture, part 1928.57 (authorized through the Occupational Safety and Health Act—OSHA)
This is the U.S. Department of Labor’s regulation covering certain agricultural equipment, as included in Subpart ‘D’ - Safety for Agricultural Equipment, in section 1928.57 - Guarding of farm field equipment, farmstead equipment, and cotton gins.
•Military Standards and Handbooks
These are often used or referred to in private industry for guidance for design, manufacturing, quality control and maintenance, relating to services, machines and equipment.
MIL-STD-882 System Safety Program Requirements
This is a standard that addresses hazard identification and risk analysis / reduction, employing an integration of hazard identification and hazard severity applicable to machines and systems (military and non-military).
MIL-STD-1472 Human Engineering Design Criteria for Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities
This standard is acknowledged worldwide as an authoritative source for human factors requirements and design criteria. It provides most aspects of human factors information and performance criteria / limitations helpful for the physical design and layout of machines, equipment, and facilities, including operational controls (for both military and non-military applications). This standard focuses more on task and operational performance than worker health and safety.
MIL-HDBK-759 Human Engineering Design Guidelines
This handbook guideline provides a broad range of human factors information and performance considerations as a supplement to MIL-STD-1472.
DOD-HDBK-743 Anthropometry of U.S. Military Personnel
This document provides body size information on military personnel of the United States, as a supplement to MIL-STD-1472.
•NASA Reference Publication 1024 Anthropometric Source Book Volume I: Anthropometry for Designers (N79-11734) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058 (edited by the Staff of Anthropology Research Project, Webb Associates, Yellow Springs, Ohio, 1978)
This publication contains 550 pages of extensive and easy-to-use anthropometric information on adult men and women, including data on certain non-U.S. population groups.
BOOKS
•Product Safety Management and Engineering, by W. Hammer; American Society of Safety Engineers, Des Plaines, IL, 1993
This is a thorough, well-organized, well-written text with numerous charts, checklists, and tables addressing designing safe products and machines.
•Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology, 13th Ed., National Safety Council, 2010
This manual is periodically published and updated by the NSC, and includes chapters on industrial safety, including machine safety.
•Human Factors Design Handbook, 2nd Ed., by Woodson, Tillman and Tillman; McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY, 1992
This is a notably useful compilation of human factors data, including numerous guidelines, illustrations, checklists, tables, charts, diagrams, and practical examples.
•Ergonomics A Practical Guide, National Safety Council, 1993
This book contains practical ergonomics information.
•Safeguarding Concepts Illustrated, 7th Ed., National Safety Council, 2002
This book contains 140 pages of 300 to 400 illustrations and pictures of actual machine and equipment guards, with explanations, in well-organized chapters and groupings.
•Human Factors in Engineering and Design, 7th Ed., by Sanders and McCormick; McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY, 1993
This book provides human factors information, emphasizing workplace locations and situations.
•Warnings and Risk Communication, by Wogalter, DeJoy and Laughery; Taylor & Francis Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 1999
This book provides insight into the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of warnings, based on extensive research.
•Handbook of Warnings, by Wogalter; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 2006
This handbook contains extensive information on warnings as they are applied to a broad range of situations.
•Writing and Designing Manuals, 2nd Ed., by Schoff and Robinson; Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1991
This book is a guide for writing, illustrating, and organizing manuals for machine and product owners, operators, and service personnel.
•The Measure of Man & Woman, Dreyfuss & Associates; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 2002
This book contains extensive and useful anthropometric charts and data for
