typical 5%-50%-95% numbers), as well as charts and data for children and youths.
•Anthropometry of Infants, Children and Youths to Age 18 for Product Safety Design — SAE SP-450, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrenburg, PA, 1977
This book has 627 pages of useful anthropometric information compiled in the 1970s based on 4,127 young subjects.
•Safety and Health for Engineers, 2nd Ed., by R. Brauer; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2006
This book contains 740+ pages of text outlining information applicable to occupational safety and health. This is the type of reference book certified safety engineers would find helpful.
•Bodyspace, Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, 2nd Ed., by S. Pheasant; Taylor & Francis Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 2002
This is a British publication providing some workplace ergonomics guidance.
•Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Fourth Edition (4 Volumes), (also available in CD Rom format), Jeanne Mager Stellman, editor; International Labour Office, 1998
This is a set of four books containing 4,000 pages of health and safety-related information, some of which applicable to the machine designer.
INDUSTRY SAFETY STANDARDS
An industry safety standard, most of which are voluntary standards, is a document relating to a product, process, service, system, or personnel that is developed through a collaborative, balanced, and consensus-based approval process. Industry safety standards are developed for the purpose of identifying design or performance requirements that are viewed as necessary to achieve a basic, usually a minimum, level of safety, below which an individual’s safety cannot be assured. A voluntary safety standard is the result of a periodic and iterative process of assessing hazards, risks, and accident data, reviewing technical developments, and balancing this information with product utility, marketplace economics, and public sentiment. Requirements contained in an industry safety standard are for the purpose of avoiding the recurrence of accidents, or avoiding the existence of hazards which are understood to be causes of accidents. Accident data, technical developments, and the threshold of the public’s acceptance of a basic level of safety evolve over time. As these criteria evolve, standards can be expected to change. Any given issuance of a standard is merely a reflection of these criteria at the time of publication.
Relative to machine safety standards, there are a number of organizations (ANSI, CEN, ISO, BSI12, CSA13, ASABE14, ASME14, SAE14 and UL15, to name the most prominent ones) involved in standards development. Some are independent standards development organizations; others are engineering and technical societies. The three more prominent standards development and distribution organizations are ANSI, CEN, and ISO.
•ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is the prominent standards administrating organization for voluntary standards in the United States, the ANSI standards. Mandatory provisions of those standards (those containing the word “shall” or other mandatory language) — as well as all other (non-ANSI) standards that are cited in U.S. Federal Regulation 29 CFR 1910.6 — are adopted and incorporated as a part of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), and thus are required by U.S. law.
•CEN (European Community for Standardization) is the organization that develops and manages EN (European) standards for the 31 participating European community countries. All 31 countries reference by law many of these EN standards, elevating them from voluntary standards to the level of legislated legal requirements.
•ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the organization that develops ISO standards. ISO was formed to facilitate and manage international industrial standards for the broader international community (approximately 140 countries). In many countries, ISO standards, too, are referenced in laws.
In 1991, an agreement was signed by ISO and CEN to establish cooperation and coordination of European and international standards to harmonize text to create similar language in the two organizations’ issued ISO and EN standards. By 2011, this process has resulted in ISO and EN standards having many of the same requirements. At the time of this book’s printing, more than 30% of these standards have identical language.
Machine safety standards should be viewed as being grouped into one of three basic types: those addressing basic concepts and principles applicable to all machines, those dealing with human factors and certain types of safety devices applicable to a wide range of machines, and those offering specific requirements for specific types or classes of machines or specific industries. The following hierarchy of standards groupings has been adopted or recognized by CEN, ISO, and ANSI16:
•Type ‘A’ standards (fundamental safety standards): These standards give basic concepts, principles for design, and general considerations that can be applied to all machinery. Type ‘A’ standards provide designers and manufacturers an overall framework and guide for the design and production of machines that are safe for their intended use, including when no type ‘C’ standards exist.
•Type ‘B’ standards (group safety standards): These standards deal with one safety aspect, or one type of safety-related device that can be used across a wide range of machinery.
-Type ‘B1’ standards, which address particular safety issues (e.g., safe distances, surface temperatures, noise)
-Type ‘B2’ standards, which address safety-related devices (e.g., two-hand controls, barrier guards, interlocking devices, presence-sensing devices)
•Type ‘C’ standards (machine-specific safety standards): These standards provide detailed safety requirements for a particular type or group of machines. (Historically, the overwhelming majority of ANSI safety standards have been machine-type-specific; thus, it would be logical to classify most of them as Type ‘C’ standards.)
The standards cited in this chapter are focused primarily on safety requirements applicable to the broad range of machinery in general. Because of the many different types of machines and specific industries they are used in, this chapter does not attempt to cover Type ‘C’ standards. (When designing a machine for which there are specific industry safety standards, it is incumbent upon the designer to become familiar with that industry’s and that machine’s requirements.) In addition, electrical components, although important to the machine designer, are not generally addressed (with some exceptions) in this chapter.
The following are standards with which the machine designer should be or become familiar:
•Type ‘A’ Standards
| ISO 12100: 2010 | Safety of Machinery — General Principles for Design — Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction |
| BSI PD 5304 | Safe Use of Machinery |
| (This Published Document from BSI, although not strictly a standard, covers practical measures and techniques to safeguard operators, maintenance personnel, and others, along with covering the safe use of machinery.) | |
| ISO 12100-1:2009 | Safety of Machinery — Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design. Part 1: Basic Terminology, Methodology |
| (This is in process of being replaced by ISO 12100:2010) | |
| EN 292-1 | Safety of Machinery — Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design. Part 1: Basic Terminology, Methodology |
| ISO
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