while that of lateral corticospinal, dorsal columns, ventral motoneurons, dorsal rootlets, and descending autonomic fibers in ventral column cause ipsilateral effects.
•EXCEPT portal circulation, all circulations start with arteries, capillaries and veins.
•Pulmonary vein contains oxygenated blood.
•All cranial nerves exit the ventral aspect of the brain stem EXCEPT trochlear (CN IV) that exits on dorsal aspect [also it is the longest nerve.]
•All cervical vertebrae has a body EXCEPT Atlas
•Iliac crest is the only part of sacrum with no muscle on tendon on top of it
•Anterior spinal artery supplies all areas of spinal cord EXCEPT dorsal column.
•Femoral nerve DOES NOT travel through the femoral sheath.
•Brunner's alkaline glands of the duodenum are the ONLY GI submucosal glands.
•The posterior white columns of spinal cord have the lower limb topographically on the medial side, but it is lateral in all other tracts.
•Trapezius is the ONLY back muscle that is innervated by a cranial nerve.
•All muscles that move the head are attached to vertebra EXCEPT Sternocleidomastoid.
•Olfactory nerve endings directly terminate in the mucosa
•All eye nerves go into the orbit through superior orbital fissure EXCEPT optic nerve that uses optic canal
•All eye-related nerves—CN 3, 4, 5, 6 plus sympathetics--enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure EXCEPT optic nerve (CN 2) that enters via optic canal.
•Lateral pterygoid is the only muscle of mastication that lowers the jaw--all others--Medial Pterygoid, Masseter. and Temporals, raise the jaw.
•All spinal nerves run under their respective vertebrae EXCEPT cervical nerves that run above their related vertebrae.
•All spinal nerves have related vertebrae EXCEPT nerve C8 that has none.
•Of the two overlapping and parallel muscles of the body, the shorter one always run deeper EXCEPT in case of Flexor Digitorum profundus that the longer one is located deeper.
BIOCHEMISTRY
•All blood coagulation deficiencies are autosomal recessive EXCEPT deficiency of factors VIII, IX, and X that are X-linked.
•All coagulation factors are produced by the liver EXCEPT vWF that is produced by the megakaryocytes and endothelial cells.
•All Erythrocytic enzyme deficiencies are autosomal recessive EXCEPT phosphoglycerate kinase and G-6-P dehydrogenase deficiencies that are X-linked.
•All Porphyria are autosomal dominant diseases EXCEPT porphyria Cutanea Tarda that is mainly acquired.
•All porphyrias are more common in women EXCEPT Porphyria Cutanea Tarda.
•All Porphyria are associated with photosensitivity EXCEPT acute intermittent Porphyria.
•All metal metabolism diseases are autosomal recessive EXCEPT Menkes that is X-linked.
•All purine/pyrimidine metabolic (salvage) diseases are autosomal recessive EXCEPT Lesch-Nyhan that is X-linked.
•All glycogen storage diseases cause hepatomegaly EXCEPT Anderson’s disease (Glycogen Storage disease Type IV)
•All glycogen storage diseases are autosomal recessive EXCEPT Hepatic Phosphorylase b Kinase deficiency.
•All lipid storage diseases (sphingolipidoses) are autosomal recessive EXCEPT Fabry’s.
•All lipoprotein and lipid metabolism disorders are autosomal recessive EXCEPT Familial hypercholesterolemia that is autosomal dominant.
•All mucopolysaccharidoses are autosomal recessive EXCEPT Hunter’s Disease (MPS II) that is X-linked.
•All disorders of the urea cycle are autosomal recessive EXCEPT ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency that is X-linked.
•Phosphorylation usually activates various enzymes but it deactivates glycogen synthetase
•GDP-GTP is the only substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA
•Only "L" amino acids are synthesized to proteins
•The only two hormones that use thyrosine kinase for transduction are growth hormone and insulin.
•Arginine is the only essential Amino acid the body can synthesize.
•The only non-reducing sugar (disaccharide) is sucrose.
•All GAGs (Glycosaminoglycans) are extracellular EXCEPT hyaluronic acid
•All GAGs (Glycosaminoglycans) are sulfated EXCEPT hyaluronic acid
•All apoproteins are associated with HDL EXCEPT Apoprotein B.
•All amino acids are chiral EXCEPT glycine.
PHYSIOLOGY
•Administer O2 to patients with low pCO2 UNLESS the patient has chronic CO2 retention. Here, O2 may take patient’s respiratory drive away.
•Sympathetic system does all the things you’d think about when scared to death EXCEPT wetting your pants! (That’s under parasympathetic control)
•All glands are innervated by parasympathetics EXCEPT sweat glands.
•Hypothalamic diseases decrease all pituitary hormones EXCEPT prolactin.
•Deep tendon reflexes are associated with spinal nerves EXCEPT T5 that has no deep tendon reflex.
•Salivary glands are the only glands that are stimulated to secrete by both sympathetic and parasympathetic glands
•Isoproterenol affects all alpha and beta adrenergics EXCEPT alpha-2.
•Parasympathetic innervation slows conduction in the heart EXCEPT at the atrial muscle where it speeds it.
•Of the six standard ECG leads--I, II, III, aVF, aVL and aVR, lead I is the only one that connects two points together. The rest connect 3 points together.
•Regarding cardiac sounds, aortic valve closure is heard before pulmonary EXCEPT in paradoxical spilt when the opposite happens.
•All adult congenital heart anomalies have a left to right shunt EXCEPT Eisenmenger’s, and adult type of Coarctation of aorta.
•All cardiac valves are mainly affected by rheumatic heart disease EXCEPT pulmonary that is mainly affected by congenital malformations.
