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1 1. For a detailed account of the history of 18th and 19th century biogeographies, see Ebach (2015).
2 2. I avoid using the phrase “Father of”. Coining a term does not justify ownership of the whole field. Herman Jordan and Clinton Hart Merriam used the term only once. Jordan casually refers to the term as though it was already in use, and Merriam uses it to describe his “Bio-geographic map”.
3 3. Later, Gareth Nelson was to note that “the concepts of station and habitation are important in Candolle’s view, for they define two different sciences, which persist into the modern era […]. No matter, the terms as used by Candolle, have modern counterparts: ecological and historical biogeography. Ecological biogeography is the study of stations; historical biogeography, the study of habitations” (Nelson 1978, p. 280, footnote 31, 281).
4 4. The Tableau lacks the actual lines, but instead has a table on either side of the cross-section depicting the temperatures at elevation. Essentially, Humboldt has created a sophisticated isothermal line.
2
Analytical Approaches in Biogeography: Advances and Challenges
Isabel SANMARTÍN
Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
2.1. Introduction
The last decades have seen an explosion of analytical approaches in biogeography. Amid the plethora of new methods competing for attention, a researcher is expected to get lost. From parsimony-based cladistic and event-based biogeography, we have moved into the expanding world of parametric model-based methods. This chapter mainly focuses on the latter, which are less than a decade old, but I also review previous approaches, as they provide a background on the shifting focus from phylogenetic relationships and Earth history to the integration of other disciplines (ecology, paleontology and population genetics), to understand historical processes that shaped Earth’s biodiversity.
2.2. From narrative dispersal accounts to event-based methods (EBM)
As seen in Chapter 1, the introduction of the idea of evolution (Darwin 1859) provided early biogeographers with an explanation of why geographic regions sharing similar environments harbor different biotas. Since continents did not move their positions over geological time, it must be organisms that moved over Earth’s surface to achieve their present distribution. These early biogeographic reconstructions were mostly narrative dispersal accounts. A paradigm changed in the mid-twentieth century with the introduction of the concept of “plate tectonics” (the 1960s). If a global process is responsible for the current distribution of biodiversity on Earth, we should see its effects in the form of congruence in biogeographic relationships across species. This general process was termed vicariance. The first analytical school, cladistic biogeography, aimed to find general patterns of relationships among areas of endemism, indicating shared biogeographic history (“area cladograms”, Nelson and Platnick 1981). Dispersal and extinction were considered processes that depend
