A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996; 348: 1329–39.38 38. Yasuda S, Kaikita K, Akao M, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation with Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(12):1103–1113.
39 39. Hurlen M, Abdelnoor M, Smith P, et al. Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 969–74. WARIS 2.
40 40. Bangalore S, Steg PHG, Deedwania P, et al. Beta blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA 2012; 308: 1340–9. REACH registry.
41 41. Sorbets E, Steg PG, Young R, et al, for the CLARIFY investigators, ß-blockers, calcium antagonists, and mortality in stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study, Eur Heart J 2019; 40:1399–1407.
42 42. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1482–9.
43 43. Fox K, Ford I, steg PG, et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1091–1099
44 44. Giannattasio C, Cattaneo BM, Seravalle G, et al. Alpha 1-blocking properties of carvedilol during acute and chronic administration. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 19 Suppl 1: S18–22.
45 45. Narins CR, Zareba W, Moss AJ, et al. Relationship between intermittent claudication, inflammation, thrombosis, and recurrent cardiac events among survivors of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 440–6.
46 46. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs. metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a rand- omized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 2227–36.
47 47. Munzel T, Daiber A, Gori T. Nitrate therapy: new aspects concerning molecular action and tolerance. Circulation 2011; 123: 2132–44.
48 48. Liuni A, Luca MC, Di Stoffo G, et al. Coadministration of atorvastatin prevents nitroglycerin-induced endothelial dysfunction and nitrate tolerance in healthy humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 93–8.
49 49. Katz RJ, Levy WS, Buff L, et al. Prevention of nitrate tolerance with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 1991; 83: 1271–7.
50 50. Watanabe, H, Kahihana, M, Ohtsuka, S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of carvedilol on the prevention of nitrate tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1194–200.
51 51. Chaitman BR, Skettino SL, Parker JO, et al. Anti-ischemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1375–82.
52 52. Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, et al. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina. JAMA 2004; 291: 309–16.
53 53. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, for the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Trial Investigators. Effects of ranolazine on recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 1775–83.
54 54. Mega JL, Hochman JS, Scirica BM, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of women with unstable ischemic heart disease: observations from metabolic efficiency with ranolazine for less ischemia in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36). Circulation 2010; 121: 1809–17.
55 55. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Sabatine MS, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and the effect of ranolazine in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: observations from the MERLIN–TIMI 36 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1189–96.
56 56. Scirica BM, Braunwald E, Belardinelli L, et al. Relationship between nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death: observations from MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2010; 122: 455–62.
57 57. SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2103–16.
58 58. HOPE Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145–53. HOPE study.
59 59. PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2058–68.
60 60. Rouleau J, Warnica WJ, Baillot R, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in low-risk patients early after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 2008; 117: 24–31.
Revascularization (+ISCHEMIA references 19,20)
1 61. Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, et al. Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 2003; 107: 2900–6.
2 62. Mancini GB, Hartigan PM, Shaw LJ, et al. Predicting outcomes in the COURAGE trial: coronary anatomy versus ischemia. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 7: 195–201. Only anatomic burden and EF are predictor of death and MI, not ischemic burden. PCI did not improve outcomes regardless of anatomic burden or ischemia.
3 63. Reynolds H. Relationships of ischemia severity and coronary artery disease extent with clinical outcomes in the ISCHEMIA trial. Presented at ACC. March 2020. Anatomic burden of disease is a strong predictor of death and cardiac outcomes, while ischemia was not an independent predictor of death and only marginally predicted MI. Mortality and MI were similar with invasive vs conservative strategy, regardless of the degree of ischemia severity or anatomic burden.
4 64. Mancini GB, Hartigan PM, Bates ER, et al. Angiographic disease progression and residual risk of cardiovascular events while on optimal medical therapy. Observations from the COURAGE Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 545–52.
5 65. Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 177–84.
6 66. De Bruyne B, Pijls N, Kalesan B, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 991–1001.
7 67. Stone G.W., Maehara A., Lansky A.J., et al. PROSPECT Investigators A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 226–235.
8 68. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass surgery on survival: Overview of 10-year results from randomized trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet 1994; 344: 563.
9 69. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al.; STICH Investigators. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1607–16.
10 70. Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, et al. Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(16):1511–1520.
PCI
