Practical Cardiovascular Medicine. Elias B. Hanna

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Zeiher AM, Schächlinger V, Hohnloser SH, Saurbier B, Just H. Coronary atherosclerotic wall thickening and vascular reactivity in humans. Elevated high- density lipoprotein levels ameliorate abnormal vasoconstriction in early atherosclerosis. Circulation 1994; 89: 2525–32.

      9 9. Aziz A, Hansen HS, Sechtem U, Prescott E,Ong P. Sex-related differences in vasomotor function in patients with angina and unobstructed coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70: 2349–58.

      10 10. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, et al. Clinical usefulness, angiographic characteristics, and safety evaluation of intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing among 921 consecutive white patients with unobstructed coronary arteries. Circulation 2014; 129: 1723–1730.

      11 11. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 1350–8.

      12 12. Chaitman BR, Bourassa MG, Davis K, et al. Angiographic prevalence of high-risk coronary artery disease in patient subsets (CASS). Circulation 1981; 64: 360–7.

      13 13. Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, et al. Value of the history and physical in identifying patients at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 81–90.

      14 14. Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Pepine CJ, et al. Persistent chest pain predicts cardiovascular events in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1408–15.

      15 15. Hubbard BL, Gibbons RJ, Lapeyre AC, et al. Identification of severe coronary artery disease using simple clinical parameters. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 309–12.

      16 16. Gibbons R, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 2092–197.

      17 17. Pryor DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE, et al. Estimating the likelihood of severe coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1991; 90: 553–62.

      18 18. Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: e44–164 (+2014 update). +Also: Patel MR, Calhoon JH, Dehmer GJ, et al. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(17):2212-2241.

      19 19. Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1395-1407. ISCHEMIA trial.

      20 20. Bangalore S, Maron DJ, O’Brien SM, et al. Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1608-1618. ISCHEMIA-CKD trial.

      21 21. SCOT-HEART Investigators, Newby DE, Adamson PD, et al. Coronary CT angiography and 5-year risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:924–33.

      22 22. Shaw LJ, Peterson ED, Shaw LK, et al. Use of a prognostic treadmill score in identifying diagnostic coronary disease subgroups. Circulation. 1998; 98: 1622–30.

      23 23. Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, et al. Exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients without known coronary artery disease: incremental prognostic value and use in risk stratification. Circulation 1996; 93: 905–14.

      24 24. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Álvarez-García N. Prediction of mortality and major cardiac events by exercise echocardiography in patients with normal exercise electrocardiographic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1981–90.

      25 25. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Alvarez-Garcia N, et al. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2: 251–9.

      26 26. Hachamovitch R, Hayes S, Friedman JD, et al. Determinants of risk and its temporal variation in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion scans. What is the warranty period of a normal scan? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1329–40.

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      28 28. Xaplanteris P, Fournier S, Pijls NHJ, et al. Five-Year Outcomes with PCI Guided by Fractional Flow Reserve. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(3):250–259.

      29 29. Geh AK, Ali S, Na B, et al. Inducible ischemia and the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in outpatients with stable coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1423–8.

      30 30. Young LH, Wackers FJT, Chyun DA, et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2009; 301: 1547–55. DIAD study

      31 31. Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, Lima JA, et al. Effect of screening for coronary artery disease using CT angiography on mortality and cardiac events in high-risk patients with diabetes. The Factor-64 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 312: 2234–43.

      32 32. Chang HJ, Lin FY, Lee SU, et al. Coronary atherosclerotic precursors of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71: 2511-2522. +Also: Ferencik M, Mayrhofer T, Bittner DO, et al. Use of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque detection for risk stratification of patients with stable chest pain: a secondary analysis of the PROMISE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3:144–152.

      33 33. Mortensen MB, Dzaye O, Steffensen FH, et al. Impact of Plaque Burden Versus Stenosis on Ischemic Events in Patients With Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 15;76(24):2803-2813. +Also: Cho I, Chang HJ, Sung JM, et al; CONFIRM Investigators. Coronary computed tomographic angiography and risk of all-cause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in subjects without chest pain syndrome from the CONFIRM Registry. Circulation. 2012 Jul 17; 126(3):304-13.

      34 34. McHenry PL, O'Donnell J, Morris SN, Jordan JJ. The abnormal exercise electrocardiogram in apparently healthy men: a predictor of angina pectoris as an initial coronary event during long-term follow-up. Circulation 1984; 70:547–51: The first symptomatic presentation is usually angina in patients with silent ischemia (MI ~33% of the time), vs MI in patients with no ischemia (~75% of the time, 13 year follow-up). +Another study: Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D, et al. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12:56–62: patients with coronary occlusion occurring between 2 coronary angiogram were analyzed: those who had intercurrent MI had milder stenosis at baseline (48% stenosis, and only 22% had stenosis>70%) vs. those who did not develop MI (73% stenosis).

      35 35. Uchida T, Popma J, Stone GW, et al. The clinical impact of routine angiographic follow-up in randomized trials of drug-eluting stents: a critical assessment of “oculostenotic” reintervention in patients with intermediate lesions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(4):403-411: compared to angiography driven by symptoms, routine post-PCI angiography increases detection of restenosis and increases repeat PCI, but does not improve clinical outcomes, such as death, MI, or the long-term target vessel revascularization. +Another study: Zellweger MJ, Weinbacher M, Zutter AW. Long-term outcome of patients with silent versus symptomatic ischemia six months after percutaneous coronary intervention and stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 33–40. Ischemia 6 months post-PCI predicts more revascularization, but not more death or MI at 4 years.

      36 36. Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, et al. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease

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