Practical Cardiovascular Medicine. Elias B. Hanna
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Part 10: CARDIAC TESTS: ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, AND STRESS TESTING
31 Electrocardiography
I. Overview of ECG leads and QRS morphology
II. Stepwise approach to ECG interpretation
III. Rhythm and rate
IV. QRS axis in the limb leads and normal QRS progression in the precordial leads
V. P wave: analyze P wave in leads II and V1 for atrial enlargement, and analyze PR interval (see Figures 31.18, 31.19)
VI. Height of QRS: LVH, RVH
VII. Width of QRS. Conduction abnormalities: bundle brunch blocks
VIII. Conduction abnormalities: fascicular blocks
IX. Low QRS voltage and electrical alternans
X. Assessment of ischemia and infarction: Q waves
XI. Assessment of ischemia: ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion
XII. Assessment of ischemia: differential diagnosis of ST-segment elevation
XIII. Assessment of ischemia: large or tall T wave
XIV. QT analysis and U wave
XV. Electrolyte abnormalities, digitalis effect and digitalis toxicity, hypothermia, PE, poor precordial R-wave progression
XVI. Approach to tachyarrhythmias
XVII. Approach to bradyarrhythmias: AV block
XVIII. Abnormal automatic rhythms that are not tachycardic
XIX. Electrode misplacement
Appendix 1. Supplement on STEMI and Q‐wave MI: phases and localization
Appendix 2. Spread of electrical depolarization in various disease states using vector illustration ( Figures 31.100 – 31.103 )
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
References
Further reading
32 Echocardiography
1. GENERAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
I. The five major echocardiographic views and the myocardial wall segments
II. Global echo assessment of cardiac function and structure
III. Doppler and assessment of valvular regurgitation and stenosis
IV. Summary of features characterizing severe valvular regurgitation and stenosis (see Tables 32.1, 32.2)
V. M-mode echocardiography
VI. Pericardial effusion
VII. Echocardiographic determination of LV filling pressure and diastolic function
VIII. Additional echocardiographic hemodynamics
IX.