In the case of data loss, there will be information for the node, and for recovery structure, we use store and forward technique to active the paths for communication.
6.2.7 Mobility Model
6.2.7.1 MANETs
MANETs have two mobility models according to the domain of the mobile whether it is in the same or different. First one is Macro while the latter is Micro mobility model.
6.2.7.1.1 IP Macro-Mobility Protocols
It is mobility of nodes between two domains. It separate out the static and moving nodes to support IP Macro mobile IP is best there are version of Ipv4 and Ipv4. It contains three functions. First is to allow the access of home IP to other cell. Second is mobile router. Third is to allow the connection to the foreign through the internet.
6.2.7.1.2 IP Micro-Mobility Protocols
It defines the movement of nodes within the same domain. It is fast, high connected. A gateway is used to connect Cellular IP with internet. Cellular IP maintains two types of distributed cache for 1) location management and 2) routing purposes.
6.2.7.2 VANETs
6.2.7.2.1 RWP
RWP is the node movement in any random direction and speed. Each node assigns the initial value, destination value with the speed, and time interval. After the simulation, again transmission is created and node moves in the new path.
6.2.7.2.2 Man-Hattman
It is map-based city site model. It consist of the vertical and horizontal lanes, and before simulation, nodes are randomly placed and according to the security distance and point of view they can turn right, left and straight. The probability is 0.5, 0.25, and 0.25, respectively.
6.2.7.2.3 Group Model
It is used for simulation of group movement behaviors in practical life. It is used in the form the groups and coordinate each other for transmission of data. MANETs and VANETs work in group model.
6.2.7.2.4 Freeway
It is type of model which consists of maps having freeways and many lanes. There is no city path is present. It is imaginary. At first, nodes are placed randomly in lines but there are security distances between two nodes. If there is less distance between two nodes, adjust the distance. Node moves in the lane and it is not possible to change the lane.
6.2.7.3 FANETs
Figure 6.4 shows mobility model of flying adhoc networks. Details of these models are presented in next section.
Figure 6.4 Mobility model.
6.2.7.3.1 Random Way Point Mobility Model
RWP is the movement of nodes randomly within the specific area. This model contain three steps turn right, turn left and going. It calculates the time pause from speed changing and direction. But it is difficult to change the aircraft. It is not suitable for the aircraft. As shown in Figure 6.5.
6.2.7.3.2 GMM Model
GMM model uses the mobility of nodes by setting the directions and speed of a data packet which is constantly updated by the specific interval of time. Speed and data is constantly by the neighbor nodes shown in Figure 6.6.
6.2.7.3.3 Semi Random Model
This model is used for monitoring purpose. These UAV have curving flight manners. They will fly over the specific area to capture the information. UAV is using for monitoring and spying purpose over the specific area presented in Figure 6.7.
Figure 6.5 Random way model.
Figure 6.6 GMM model.
Figure 6.7 Semi-random model.
Figure 6.8 Mission model.
6.2.7.3.4 Mission
In this model, UAV flight is already defined. They will go according to the plan and when message is delivered to the destination nodes mobility model files updated. For every flight, rates and path is defined and updated for the next flight. If there is more time for the flight, UAV will change the direction and continue to fly as shown in Figure 6.8.
6.2.8 Types of Communication
6.2.8.1 MANET
In SPANs, mobile nodes work with the help of Wi-Fi. While in iMANETs all types of protocols are used for communication. Third type is VANETs in which vehicle perform the data transfer process.
6.2.8.2 VANET
6.2.8.2.1 Inter-Vehicle Communication
It uses multiple-hop system to send data from source to the many receivers within the vehicles.
6.2.8.2.2 Vehicle-To-Roadside Communication
The communication happens with the vehicle and within the around premises. Data is transferred through multiple hops until data is reached to the destination.
6.2.8.3 FANET
• Air-to-air
