Max to draw the CrANs structure, which is shown in the Figure 6.10.
Figure 6.9 Structure of CrANs [27].
Figure 6.10 Proposed structure of CrANS.
It contains all the available networking devices to communicate from one node to other node for delivery of information packets. It contains cellular device, Wi-Fi, MANETs, VANETs, and FANETs in an urban structure.
Why we need it?
We live in a third world country, and here due to many reason we lose the network. In that case, we need a network which can work in that condition.
How it will work?
For communication, we will combine the CrANS with the MANETs, WANETs, FANETs, and Wi-Fi to transfer the data from one area to other. We will use the presence networks to make a crowd for the transfer of data
6.3.2 Routing
To define the routing protocol for a network, we have to study the routing classification. We have to choose the best route discovery, protocol operation and network organization. In network organization, we chose location-based protocol. In route discovery, we use hybrid base protocol. In the protocol operation, we selected the negotiate-based protocol.
6.3.2.1 Single Hop
We can send data directly or through different nodes. In this case, if one node will miss the data, information will be lost. In the single-hop transmission, time will be high and there is always the risk of link loss during the transmission as depicted in Figure 6.11.
Figure 6.11 Single hop.
Figure 6.12 Multihop.
6.3.2.2 Multiple Hop
In the case of multiple-hop network, we can send to the different nodes at the same time. If the information is lost by the one node other node can perform the task without the delay in transmission. With the multiple-hop system, we can make the small path by using available nodes in the network. The transmission will be fast and reliable as presented in Figure 6.12.
6.3.3 Classification of Routing Protocol
6.3.3.1 Location Base Protocol
Pro-active protocols contain the routing table which contains information of all the nodes present in the network. To send the data one looks up to the table for transmission and sends the data.
We are defining a protocol in which we can access one’s location without network availability. To do so, we are taking a Geocast location routing base protocol. Geocast protocol is used for specific region/location. Geocast protocol uses the GPRS to detect the location of sender and receiver for data transformation. Geocast routing protocol uses the features of both unicast and multicast location protocol. By using this feature, we can send the information to a single and multiple destinations. It can propagate the information to the nearest target and within the target.
Figure 6.13 Protocol operation.
6.3.3.2 Route Discovery
In reactive approach, if we want to transfer the data, then find the route. Discovery of the route is immediately found and then transmission of data happens. After discovery, table is updated and data packets delivered accordingly.
While in pro-active, table is already prepared and contains all the information of node. To find the route, discovery in the case of missing link causes delay to produce.
For CrANs, we will use the hybrid base protocol for the transmission of data. It is the combination of pro-active and reactive base route discovery. We can send data to a channel/person by asking for permission by the receiver and can directly send it to the receiver without permission. By using these features, we can make a network more efficient.
6.3.3.3 Protocol Operation
Pro-active and reactive classes combine to form a hybrid operation. These protocols have table and change the table on demand for routing protocol. We use negotiate base protocol for transmission of data from sender to receiver shown in Figure 6.13.
6.3.4 Challenge
To design a protocol, we will face a lot of challenges which includes latency, reliability, energy consumption, power saving, and dynamic network and safety.
6.3.4.1 Latency
Another important feature is to describe network performance. Duration of time transfer data from one node to other is known as latency. Delays decrease the latency factor. To decrease the latency retransmission of data packet, change in topology. The more delay less latency. CrANs has high latency factor.
6.3.4.2 Reliability
It is most important parameter to check the designing of routing protocol. It is the successful transmission of data from source to sink node. CrANs are highly reliable as they have more mobile nodes and frequently change of topology. CrANs are highly dynamic network due to the infrastructure-less feature.
6.3.4.3 Security
CrANs can be used for security purpose in any developing country. But it can be a high risk for anyone. Simple protocols are easy to hijack by connecting a powerful receiver. Somebody can block a network or send false information to the people.
6.3.4.4 Power Consumption
