It depends on a lot of factors like size of network, clusters, overheads, traffic load, and again transmission of data packet. It is important issue in the network. Complex network are not easy to operate.
6.3.4.5 Energy
Energy consumption is important factor to define a network life time. If the transmission increases collision, delay time and packet loss increases. We can decrease the energy consumption by various techniques of delay and increasing throughput.
6.3.5 Applications
In the developing countries like Pakistan, we need such type of network in which we have minimum communication gap. We can use this network in different aspects of daily life. It can be used for safety, supervision, data acquisition, control application, monitoring, and research and security purpose.
6.3.5.1 Monitoring
In CrANs, we can monitor the traffic in the developing countries. By doing this, we can use this network to check the traffic flow of a city. For medical emergencies, we can use CrANs network to check traffic jam, and for such situation, use another road.
6.3.5.2 Control and Automation
For developing countries, we can control the traffic and crowd by using CrANs. In the case of accident and VIP protocol, it can easily control the traffic. It can be used to guide the ambulance, police cars, or any other emergency vehicles. In an otherwise catastrophic condition, the security force can have the overall control of the situation using this network.
6.3.5.3 Safety
We can use it in army where information needing to be transferred is sensitive; in the presence of jammers, we can use CrANs to provide the network to send and receive important messages. It can transfer nodes in the absence of a network implying the information cannot be tracked or hacked. In Pakistan, on 9th and 10th Moharam, there is traffic jam in every city of Pakistan. There are security threats due to the recent terrorist attacks. In these days, signals are jammed and due to the absence of all networks nobody can contact to each other. For the transfer of important information, we can use non dedicated agents of CrANs to connect the next person through the VANETs and FANETs.
6.3.5.4 Nuclear Power Plants
As we all know that Pakistan is 7th atomic power of the world and we need a proper security network to protect the assets.
In power plants, there are n signals available in the surroundings. Here, we can make use of the CrANs network to communicate. This will also not affect the security in anyway as CrANs cannot be hacked.
6.3.5.5 Deserts
In deserts, we can use CrANs for data delivery in the absence of other networks. By merging the CrANs network with WANETs, we can transfer the information from one place to other place. Figure shows the Sindh Engro coal mining co. site. Here, only one network can work which CrANs. By using the agents of CrANs with WANETs, we can set up a communication model.
6.3.5.6 Recovery Structure
Basically, the recovery structure includes a network which can be used when all other networks are collapsed. It will be usable in any emergency situation. For example, the picture below depicts the fall of the Margalla towers in the year 2008, due to the earthquake. At that time all the networks had stopped working. CrANs can be used in these situations as a recovery network. It will be operatable if even a few nodes are available whether MANETs or FANETs.
In a third world country like Pakistan, no proper replacement for other networks works properly. In these type of emergency situations (which are quite frequent), CrANs can be used as a substitute. It does not require a strong infrastructure to be made.
6.3.5.7 Earth Quake
Pakistan is a country which experiences frequent earthquakes. There have been almost half a dozen major earthquakes in the past 20 years. In these times when most other networks collapse, CrANs can be used as it is designed for such purposes where there is no proper channel of communication.
6.3.5.8 Road Blasts
Due to security reasons, jammers are setup after such events. All other modes of communication fail at this time. We can use CrANs by connecting it to the VANETs which are basically present on all road sides. By using this, we can transfer information to inform security institutions and get help. One of the latest examples of such a devastation where all networks failed and communication breakdown is of the blast that occurred in Saiwan Shareef. No help could be provided immediately as there was no possible way of communication and security institutes were not able to get an idea of the situation. As a result of which, many lives were wasted.
6.4 Simulation of MANET Network
6.4.1 Deployment Area
To draw the deployment area, we have length and breadth. To find out area, we will multiply the length and breadth from input values. X label represents the length and y label represents the breadth. Here, length is 40 and breadth is 50. So deployment area is 200 as shown in Figure 6.14.
6.4.2 Divide Deployment Area Into Equal Zones
Divide the deployment area into the equal zones by involving l, b, and n. The parameters at which division is done are gap = l/n, x = 0: gap: l, y = 0:0.1: b, where x, y, n are axis and number of zones, respectively.
Figure 6.14 Positioning of sensor nodes.
6.4.3 Getting Positions of the Sensor Nodes
Sensor node function involves l, b, and n. n = length(x), it indicates the number of divisions + 1, and y = n − 1 represents number of divisions in deployment area where h = sn. Next, we see is the command window. Nodes are in even and odd spaces in their zones according to the command.
6.4.4 Mesh Formation
To form a mesh, we arrange the nodes into the even and odd position with the help of loop system and form a matrix by modulo operation and its range is from 0 to n − 1. The matrix form in the case of matrix is shown in Figure 6.15
6.4.5 Getting the Minimum Spanning Tree for the Whole Placement Area
To get the minimum spanning tree, we have two cases, even
