(a) Ultrasound image of a nephrolith in an 11‐year‐old male, in...Figure 17.15 Preputial abscess due to urethral rupture in an 11‐year‐old cas...18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Diagram of a longitudinal section through the eye of a camelid. ...Figure 18.2 Normal eyelid and globe conformation of an alpaca. Due to latera...Figure 18.3 Camelids have long periocular vibrissae and cilia and the eyelid...Figure 18.4 The nasolacrimal outflow apparatus consists of ocular puncta (id...Figure 18.5 Lateral radiograph of a radiopaque cannula in the nasolacrimal d...Figure 18.6 The nasal punctum (arrow) is 2–3 mm in diameter and may be visua...Figure 18.7 Heterochromic normal iris of an alpaca with a variegated coat co...Figure 18.8 The ocular fundus of a llama. South American camelids do not hav...Figure 18.9 Alpaca with chronic severe anterior uveitis. Diffuse corneal ede...Figure 18.10 Thelazia spp. in the conjunctival sac and on the corneal surfac...Figure 18.11 Infected corneal ulcer in an alpaca with facial nerve paralysis...Figure 18.12 Young llama with chronic keratoconjunctivitis attributed to equ...Figure 18.13 Llama with congenital persistant hyperplastic primary vitreous/...Figure 18.14 Congenital nuclear cataract in a mature alpaca with apparently ...Figure 18.15 (a) Traumatic cataract in a llama. The iridal folds have avulse...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Histopathologic section of a spinal cord containing inflammatory...Figure 19.2 Llama exhibiting crossed rear limbs and posterior ataxia seconda...Figure 19.3 Llama with head tilt and right‐sided facial paralysis typical of...Figure 19.4 Llama with tetanus. Animal has an inability to masticate and swa...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Pregnant alpaca recently shorn.Figure 20.2 Llama with a barrel and hip cut.Figure 20.3 Newborn with epidermal membrane.Figure 20.4 Late‐term aborted fetus showing epidermal membrane and umbilicus...Figure 20.5 Rectal temperature in neonate alpacas for the first 24 hours fol...Figure 20.6 (a and b) Newborn crias with choanal atresia.Figure 20.7 Newborn with atresia ani. Note the lack of an anal opening.Figure 20.8 (a) Three‐day old cria with a normal vulvar opening. (b) Newborn...Figure 20.9 Normal newborn, minutes after birth.Figure 20.10 (a and b) Dam bonding with cria.Figure 20.11 Dam kissing cria.Figure 20.12 Normal meconium from a cria.Figure 20.13 (a) Simple bent ears in an alpaca cria at birth. (b) A simple b...Figure 20.14 Cria attempting to nurse under chest. Note flipped up tail of c...Figure 20.15 Cria in proper nursing position with “U” bend in neck.Figure 20.16 Dam smelling perineum of cria to confirm it is her.Figure 20.17 Cria properly latching onto teats to nurse with some assistance...Figure 20.18 Dam moving rear legs out behind to allow better access to nursi...Figure 20.19 (a) Newborn alpaca cria.(b) Newborn alpaca cria indicating ...Figure 20.20 Camel calf nursing.Figure 20.21 Normal meconium from a cria.Figure 20.22 Wax on teats.Figure 20.23 Newborn after colostrum put on lips.Figure 20.24 Depressed premature newborn alpaca cria.Figure 20.25 (a) Relaxed tendons and muscles in this newborn cria is causing...Figure 20.26 Floppy “dog ears” of a premature cria.Figure 20.27 Flipped out ears in a normal newborn cria.Figure 20.28 Eponychium (rubbery covering) on the toenail of a premature cri...Figure 20.29 (a) Dental eruption at the time of birth ‐ normal. (b) Prematur...Figure 20.30 Red rubber feeding tube. Sizes 18–24 Fr are suitable for orogas...Figure 20.31 Pritchard flutter valve nipple.Figure 20.32 Concentrations of IgG in crias at 48 hours when suckling of col...Figure 20.33 Diagram of the transfer of immunoglobulins through the mucosa o...Figure 20.34 Immunoglobulin concentrations in the alpaca cria from birth to ...Figure 20.35 Typical birth in Peru. Note fecal pellets in area.Figure 20.36 Longitudinal cut through the skin for IV catheter placement.Figure 20.37 Bottle position for feeding a bottle to a camelid cria.Figure 20.38 Diagram showing head position for orogastric intubation. (a) He...Figure 20.39 Diagram of the relationship of the bladder and vessels. (A) Umb...Figure 20.40 Camelid giving birth in Peru. Heavy environmental contamination...Figure 20.41 Injected conjunctiva of septic cria.Figure 20.42 Cria kept safely in bale enclosure.Figure 20.43 Cria with hypopyon. Hypopyon is a sign of septicemia.Figure 20.44 Diarrhea from a newborn cria.Figure 20.45 Feces from cria with diarrhea from Giardia. Giardia frequently ...Figure 20.46 (a) Superior conjunctival puncta. (b) Superior conjunctival pun...Figure 20.47 Carpal valgus in a llama cria in Peru.Figure 20.48 Jaw malalignment seen in a cria with Wry face. The mandible (a)...Figure 20.49 Newborn cria with a cleft palate.Figure 20.50 Absence of vulvar opening. These animals quickly develop a “bal...Figure 20.51 Two‐month‐old cria with a severely hypoplastic vulva. This cria...Figure 20.52 Radiographs of cria with Hemivertebra.Figure 20.53 Cria with one short ear.Figure 20.54 Cria born with blood on cornea. This condition self‐resolved.Figure 20.55 Cria with torticollis and arthrogryposis.Figure 20.56 (a and b) Adult llamas in Peru with bilateral gofer ears.Figure 20.57 Cria born alive with uneven legs and deformed feet.Figure 20.58 Cria born alive with severe wry face and choanal atresia.Figure 20.59 (a) This cria was born with a healed tibial fracture. (b) Radio...Figure 20.60 Wrinkles in cria skin.Figure 20.61 Proper restraint for IV blood draw and catheter placement (aler...Figure 20.62 When drawing blood for DNA sampling, place small spots of blood...Figure 20.63 Proper restraint for microchip placement.Figure 20.64 Social interaction among crias.
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 An aged adult llama with a congenital defect of the left rear me...Figure 21.2 Llama cria with carpal valgus. Valgus is defined as an outward d...Figure 21.3 Carpal varus (inward deviation of the distal limb) of a llama is...Figure 21.4 Angular (valgus) deformity of fetlock.Figure 21.5 (a and b) Two examples of crooked legs on a newborn camel.Figure 21.6 Yearling cria presented for evaluation of congenital fusion of l...Figure 21.7 Cria born alive with multiple congenital contractures, bone rota...Figure 21.8 Camel with over extension of the carpus (calf knee).Figure 21.9 Bilateral medial patellar luxation in a llama neonate.Figure 21.10 Lesion involving traumatic luxation of C7 and T1. The cria was ...Figure 21.11 Dorsoventral radiograph view of cria with C1–C2 malformation.Figure 21.12 Lateral radiograph of hemivertebra of the first lumbar vertebra...Figure 21.13 (a) Dorsal view of a cria foot with polydactyly. (b) Ventral vi...Figure 21.14 (a) Aged female alpaca with three claws on each digit. (b) Radi...Figure 21.15 (a and b) Two examples of syndactyly.Figure 21.16 (a) Polydactylae in llama mother. (b) Polydactylae in a fetus f...Figure 21.17 Camelid spine from a camelid with scoliosis.Figure 21.18 (a) Scoliosis of thoracic vertebrae in a llama cria. (b) Scolio...Figure 21.19 Kyphosis in a mature alpaca.Figure 21.20 Lateral radiograph of tibiotarsal bone luxation.Figure 21.21 (a) Nasal stenosis in a young cria demonstrated by instillation...Figure 21.22 Flared nostril, open mouth breathing characteristic of choanal ...Figure 21.23 Cross section of the caudal aspect of the nasal passages demons...Figure 21.24 Craniofacial shortening in a llama cria.Figure 21.25 Another example of craniofacial shortening in a llama cria.Figure 21.26 Often multiple congenital deformities occur simultaneously in a...Figure 21.27 (a) Choanal atresia with deformed face. (b) Nostril agenesis.Figure 21.28 Cyclopia is evident in these alpaca crias. The dams in these cr...Figure 21.29 Diagram of normal jaw relationships.Figure 21.30 Diagram of jaw deformity, elongated mandible.Figure 21.31 Mandibular hypogenesis in an alpaca.Figure 21.32 Diagram of superior brachygnathism in a neonate, which may prev...Figure 21.33 Diagram of superior brachygnathism in an adult male llama.Figure 21.34 Maxillary prognathism in an alpaca.Figure 21.35 Retained deciduous incisors on labial side.Figure 21.36 Alpaca skull deformities. (a) Hydrocephalus, (b) cerebromeningo...Figure 21.37 Skull deformities in alpacas.Figure 21.38 Pathologic dissection of a llama neonate with a cleft palate.Figure 21.39 Nasal exudate containing feed particles, characteristic of clef...Figure 21.40 Uterus unicornis.Figure 21.41 Double cervix in a llama.Figure 21.42 Mucometria caused by segmental agenesis of the vagina.Figure 21.43 Ovarian dysgenesis, hypogenesis.Figure 21.44 Ovarian agenesis.Figure 21.45 Persistent embryonic tissue that may be confused with the ovary...Figure 21.46 Female pseudohermaphrodite. Note the enlarged clitoris with a c...Figure 21.47 Testicular hypogenesis (R), normal (L).Figure 21.48 Penile hypoplasia with incomplete/imperforate urethra on a one‐...Figure 21.49 Atresia ani in a llama.Figure 21.50 Congenital defect with colon emptying into the bladder.Figure 21.51 (a and b) Two examples of ventricular septal defect.Figure 21.52 (a) Transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery, closed. (A...Figure 21.53 Normal crossover of aorta and pulmonary artery in a llama neona...Figure 21.54 Curled toenails in a llama.Figure 21.55 Lateral radiograph of the hindlimb of a cria. Severely contract...Figure 21.56 Supernumerary teats.Figure 21.57 (a and b) Two examples of a wry face in a llama.Figure 21.58 Dwarf camel.Figure 21.59 A paco‐vicuna (alpaca × vicuna) (middle) produced by breeding a...Figure 21.60 Dromedary × Bactrian camel hybrid.Figure 21.61 Stillborn alpaca × camel,
