The left marker is on ...Figure 5.7 An immature llama with a sequestrum and osteomyelitis of the tibi...Figure 5.8 Shoulder luxation in a 6‐year‐old male alpaca. (a) Craniocaudal v...Figure 5.9 Right shoulder luxation in a llama. The lateral images were made ...Figure 5.10 Making shoulder radiographs. (a) Medial‐lateral radiograph of th...Figure 5.11 Making skull radiographs of an adult alpaca. With the exception ...Figure 5.12 Normal skull of an adult alpaca. A mouth gag (an unopened 60 mL ...Figure 5.13 An adult llama with right mandibular second mandibular (410) and...Figure 5.14 Normal skull from an adult llama illustrating the location and a...Figure 5.15 Adult llama with otitis media. (a) Oblique view highlighting a s...Figure 5.16 A transverse CT image of a llama with left otitis media. The nor...Figure 5.17 A craniocaudal view, centered on the right carpus, of an immatur...Figure 5.18 Lateral luxation of the right patella in an adult llama. (a) Cra...Figure 5.19 Immature alpaca with rickets (hypovitaminosis D). (a) Craniocaud...Figure 5.20 Normal alpaca foot. When making radiographs of the foot, it is i...Figure 5.21 Normal immature alpaca tarsus. (a and e) Plantarodorsal projecti...Figure 5.22 Caudocranial projections of a normal adult alpaca shoulder. (a a...6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Lateral radiograph of the oropharyngeal region of a llama. The so...Figure 6.2 Lateral radiograph of the oropharyngeal region of a llama with th...Figure 6.3 Positioning a llama for endotracheal intubation following chemica...Figure 6.4 Positioning an alpaca for endotracheal intubation following chemi...Figure 6.5 Visualization of the larynx in an alpaca for endotracheal intubat...Figure 6.6 Long‐bladed laryngoscope used for endotracheal intubation of came...Figure 6.7 Diagram of a method of tracheal intubation. The laryngoscope blad...Figure 6.8 Diagram of a method of tracheal intubation. A plastic catheter is...Figure 6.9 Threading the endotracheal tube over the catheter.Figure 6.10 Inhalation anesthesia in an alpaca.Figure 6.11 Intubation of a camel. Photo A – camel in lateral recumbency fol...Figure 6.12 Recovery of a llama from inhalant anesthesia. Note the nasal pha...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Camelid lice. (a) Chewing louse (Bovicola breviceps); note the ro...Figure 7.2 Life cycle of a louse.Figure 7.3 Simple interpretation of the life cycle of a fly ( M. domestica, ...Figure 7.4 Third instar larvae. (X) Oestrus ovis, (Y) Cephenemyia spp., (A) ...Figure 7.5 (a) Third instar larva of Cephenemyia sp. (b) Posterior peritreme...Figure 7.6 Endoscopic view of a Cephenemyia larva in situ in the nasal passa...Figure 7.7 Life cycle of Cephenemyia spp.Figure 7.8 Lateral radiograph of the head of a llama with a Cephenemyia gran...Figure 7.9 Life cycle of Cephalopina titillator.Figure 7.10 Spinose ear tick nymphs.Figure 7.11 Gravid Sarcoptes scabiei.Figure 7.12 Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei.Figure 7.13 Sarcoptic mange on the lips of an alpaca.Figure 7.14 Sarcoptic mange in the interdigital space of an alpaca. There is...Figure 7.15 Sarcoptic mange of the caudal abdomen and inguinal region in an ...Figure 7.16 Sarcoptic mange in the perineal region of an alpaca.Figure 7.17 Sarcoptic mange of the prepuce of an alpaca.Figure 7.18 Sarcoptic mange and secondary deep pyoderma and cellulitis affec...Figure 7.19 Male Psoroptes sp. mite. Note elongated capitulum (blue arrow), ...Figure 7.20 High‐power magnification (400×) of the segmented tarsal pedicel ...Figure 7.21 Gravid female Psoroptes sp. mite.Figure 7.22 Male Chorioptes bovis mite from a llama. Note the broad, shorten...Figure 7.23 Copulating adult male (left) and nymphal female Chorioptes bovisFigure 7.24 Chorioptic mange on the perineal area of a llama.Figure 7.25 Chorioptic mange on the ventrum of a llama.Figure 7.26 Encrustations typical of both psoroptic and chorioptic mange.Figure 7.27 Trypanasoma evansi in a camel.Figure 7.28 A camel ill with trypanosomiasis. Weakness, weight loss and incr...Figure 7.29 Life cycle of Eimeria spp.Figure 7.30 Life cycle of Sarcocystis spp.Figure 7.31 Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica.Figure 7.32 Life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus.Figure 7.33 (a) Lesion of E. granulosus in the lung of a camel. (b) Lesion o...Figure 7.34 Appearance of miscellaneous parasite ova on fecal flotation: (a)...Figure 7.35 Predilection sites of common parasites in camelids.Figure 7.36 Life cycle of Ostertagia ostertagi.Figure 7.37 Haemonchus contortus found at necropsy. Note the distinct “barbe...Figure 7.38 Life cycle of Trichostrongylus spp.Figure 7.39 Life cycle of Lamanema chavezi.Figure 7.40 Life cycle of Bunostomum spp.Figure 7.41 Life cycle of Trichuris tenuis.Figure 7.42 Whipworms in the colon of a llama. Ingesta surrounding parasites...Figure 7.43 Whipworms in the colon of a llama. Ingesta washed away.Figure 7.44 Appearance of common nematode ova on fecal flotation: (a). Nemat...Figure 7.45 McMaster's counting slide with two chambers.Figure 7.46 Example of FAMACHA scoring, this alpaca has a score of 5.Figure 7.47 Life cycle of Dictyocaulus filaria.Figure 7.48 Life cycle of Parelaphostrongylustenuis.Figure 7.49 (a) Yearling female alpaca affected by meningeal worm. Animal is...Figure 7.50 Alpaca with signs of intracranial migration of meningeal worm. N...Figure 7.51 (a) (H&E X10) Cross section of a llama's spinal cord with P. ten...Figure 7.52 Life cycle of Thelazia californiensis.Figure 7.53 T. californiensis in the conjunctival sac.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Lymphosarcoma of abdominal organs.Figure 8.2 Hyperthermic alpaca cooling herself in a pond.Figure 8.3 Bilateral scrotal edema caused by hyperthermia (a) compared to un...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Diagram of the skin. (A) Laceration extending into the dermis, (B...Figure 9.2 Handmade rope of llama fiber from Peru.Figure 9.3 Q'aras' type llamas at Machu Picchu in Peru.Figure 9.4 Chaku type llama. Photo courtesy of Donna Moore, Timberlane Llama...Figure 9.5 (a) Huacaya fiber showing crimp. (b) Huacaya in full fleece. Phot...Figure 9.6 (a) Suri fiber showing locks.(b) Suri in Full fleece. Photo c...Figure 9.7 Llama with lion cut. Photo courtesy of Barb Baker, Baker & Compan...Figure 9.8 Alpaca “slick‐shorn” Photo courtesy of Lindsay Warne, The Alpacas...Figure 9.9 (a) Biopsy of alpaca skin with low‐density follicles present with...Figure 9.10 (a) Metatarsal gland in a llama. (b) Metatarsal gland in an alpa...Figure 9.11 Metatarsal gland demonstrating excretions flaking off.Figure 9.12 (a) Interdigital gland in a llama foot. (b) Interdigital gland i...Figure 9.13 (a). Unknown lesion in mouth, probably due to irritation from fe...Figure 9.14 Chronic nonspecific dermatitis. The animal pictured in (b), (c),...Figure 9.15 (a) Dark nose and ear “dermatitis” in a black alpaca. (b) Dark n...Figure 9.16 Camelpox, acute, disseminated.Figure 9.17 Camelpox, acute, scrotum.Figure 9.18 Camelpox, acute, lung lesions.Figure 9.19 Camelpox, subacute.Figure 9.20 Camelpox, healing lesions.Figure 9.21 Camelpox experimentally produced in a guanaco.Figure 9.22 Individual pox lesion.Figure 9.23 Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a zoonotic disease.Figure 9.24 (a and b) Contagious ecthyma (orf) lesion in an alpaca.Figure 9.25 Diagrams for identification of Trichophyton verrucosum. (A) Fibe...Figure 9.26 Diagrams for identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. (A) ...Figure 9.27 (a) Ringworm in a llama. (b) Ringworm in an alpaca.Figure 9.28 Life cycle of Coccidioides immitis . (A) Arthroconidia, (B) emer...Figure 9.29 (a) Dermal coccidioidomycosis. (b) Dermal coccidioidomycosis. (c...Figure 9.30 Culture of Coccidioides immitis grown from swab of submandibular...Figure 9.31 Large abscess on shoulder of an alpaca. Red triangle illustrates...Figure 9.32 (a) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscess on a camel's leg,...Figure 9.33 (a and b) Botryomycosis (Staphylococcus) in an alpaca.Figure 9.34 (a) Staphylococcus aureus dermatitis (severe) involving the enti...Figure 9.35 Acute facial zinc‐responsive dermatitis.Figure 9.36 (a) Follicular/sebaceous gland cyst. (b) Site of surgical remova...Figure 9.37 Typical follicular cyst.Figure 9.38 Follicular cyst after shearing ruptured the cyst.Figure 9.39 (a and b) Mild cases of munge in crias.Figure 9.40 (a) Moderately severe munge in a cria. Note the fissures and inf...Figure 9.41 (a) Severe case of munge in a yearling alpaca. (b) Same yearling...Figure 9.42 Acute nonspecific dermatitis.Figure 9.43 Nonspecific dermatitis, seen during reproductive exams in otherw...Figure 9.44 (a) Alpaca burn wound on footpad resulting from a forest fire. T...Figure 9.45 Photosensitization of the muzzle associated with fascioliasis.Figure 9.46 Photosensitization of the ears of a llama cria.Figure 9.47 (a and b) Ichthyosis in an adult alpaca.Figure 9.48 Bottom view of llama foot.Figure 9.49 Bottom view of adult alpaca foot.Figure 9.50 Diagram of SAC foot and pastern. (N) Toenail, (DC) digital cushi...Figure 9.51 Lateral radiograph of the foot, pastern, and fetlock of a llama....Figure 9.52 Normal llama foot, lateral view.Figure 9.53 Normal alpaca foot, lateral view.Figure 9.54 Normal llama foot, dorsal view.Figure 9.55 Normal alpaca foot, dorsal view.Figure 9.56 Digital cushion, lateral view.Figure 9.57 (a) Toenail of a camel. (b) Lamina of a toenail of a camel.Figure 9.58 Lamina of toenail of a llama.Figure 9.59 Bottom of a camel
