held forward in the shoulder supports by virtue o...Figure 2.38 This is a brilliant technique from a handling perspective. It al...Figure 2.39 This photo illustrates performing a rectal ultrasound using bala...Figure 2.40 Llamas and alpacas often do not object to being touched even aro...Figure 2.41 An olive‐tip dosing syringe.Figure 2.42 (a) The handler is using the right arm with the elbow high up on...Figure 2.43 Using the halter to balance a llama's head to administer oral me...Figure 2.44 Working with the ears helps facilitate easier haltering as well ...Figure 2.45 Earring humanely requires that the ear be squeezed but never twi...Figure 2.46 The camelid skull clearly shows there is not much bone forward o...Figure 2.47 When the noseband is not on bone, it can easily compress the car...Figure 2.48 This halter fits properly; the nose band is adequately sized to ...Figure 2.49 This alpaca is wearing a halter that is too far forward on the n...Figure 2.50 This llama is wearing a halter that looks like it fits but, in f...Figure 2.51 This halter fits. You can see that there is slack in the nose ba...Figure 2.52 A handler helper is a great way to facilitate catching by people...Figure 2.53 Male llamas fighting.Figure 2.54 Male alpacas fighting.Figure 2.55 This photo demonstrates a respectful and safe interaction betwee...Figure 2.56 This photo demonstrates an appropriate interaction in the field....Figure 2.57 This camel was previously aggressive when fed. The author taught...Figure 2.58 By using a pouch to secure the food, a clicker and food reinforc...Figure 2.59 Children frequently interact inappropriately with young crias. W...3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Average ambient maximum (A) and minimum (B) temperatures (°F) and...Figure 3.2 Average ambient maximum (A) and minimum (B) temperatures (°C) and...Figure 3.3 Fractionation of dietary crude protein into chemical components a...Figure 3.4 Alpacas grazing on bofedales. The distant slopes are used by llam...Figure 3.5 A diagram illustrating the change in plant composition with the s...Figure 3.6 Alfalfa root nodules containing colonies of nitrogen‐fixing bacte...Figure 3.7 Alfalfa root nodule containing colony of nitrogen‐fixing bacteria...Figure 3.8 Traditional pastoral management of alpacas in the Altiplano regio...Figure 3.9 Obtaining a core sample of hay for analysis of nutrient compositi...Figure 3.10 A thin llama, whose condition is obscured by the fiber coat.Figure 3.11 The vertebral column of the previous thin llama showing atrophy ...Figure 3.12 Mechanical scale that can be used for monitoring body weight.Figure 3.13 Body condition scoring chart.Figure 3.14 Obese female llama.Figure 3.15 Roll of fat on the flank/abdomen of an obese llama.Figure 3.16 Accumulation of retroperitoneal fat from necropsy of an obese ll...Figure 3.17 An alpaca cria with rickets, standing humpbacked and reluctant t...Figure 3.18 An alpaca cria with rickets, spending most of her time recumbent...Figure 3.19 Rachitic rosary at the costochondral junction in rickets. Typica...Figure 3.20 Camel calf with rickets.Figure 3.21 Radiograph of the carpus of a rachitic alpaca shows wide physis,...Figure 3.22 Radiograph of the fetlock of a camel calf with rickets. Note the...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Severely weakened alpacas commonly develop opisthotonos.Figure 4.2 There is a strong correlation between thoracic circumference meas...Figure 4.3 Key locations for evaluating body condition, in order of examinat...Figure 4.4 Auscultation of the heart is best accomplished by placing the ste...Figure 4.5 Diagram showing areas of thoracic auscultation in the llama (a) a...Figure 4.6 Sites for jugular venipuncture in a camelid. (A) High site, (B) M...Figure 4.7 Cross‐section of the cervical region of camelid (left) and true r...Figure 4.8 Anatomic dissection of the cervical region. The jugular vein and ...Figure 4.9 Valves in the jugular vein in the upper neck (arrow).Figure 4.10 Valves in the jugular vein low on the neck (arrows).Figure 4.11 Proximally, the confluence of the linguofacial, maxillary and ca...Figure 4.12 Anatomic dissection of the jugular vein in the cranial cervical ...Figure 4.13 An alpaca is being restrained for right jugular venipuncture. Th...Figure 4.14 Diagram illustrating location for cranial (high) jugular venipun...Figure 4.15 Position for venipuncture in a cria.Figure 4.16 Alternate position for venipuncture in a cria.Figure 4.17 Blood collection from the jugular vein of a camel.Figure 4.18 Lateral thoracic vein of a camel, an alternate site.Figure 4.19 Ear veins on a llama.Figure 4.20 Diagram of the abdominocentesis location. (A) Peritoneum, (B) re...Figure 4.21 Diagram showing location for paracostal abdominocentesis (red ci...Figure 4.22 Positioning for gastric intubation of a neonate llama.Figure 4.23 Small ruminant mouth speculum.Figure 4.24 Regurgitation accompanying gastric intubation of a llama.Figure 4.25 Diagrams of the female and male urethra. I. Schematic of the fem...Figure 4.26 Postmortem dissection of a female camelid's vestibule and vagina...Figure 4.27 Giving an enema to a juvenile with a tube and funnel.Figure 4.28 Giving an enema to a juvenile with a tube and syringe.Figure 4.29 Using a garden hose to give an enema to an adult, light flow of ...Figure 4.30 Hose to the anus but not inserted.Figure 4.31 Using a finger to open the anus.Figure 4.32 Holding the hose next to the anus to allow water to flow in and ...Figure 4.33 Schematic illustrating proper location for thoracocentesis, at t...Figure 4.34 Needle position for collecting a bone marrow sample from the ste...Figure 4.35 Tape can be used to retract the fiber to prepare the skin for st...Figure 4.36 Schematic illustrating the approximate location for obtaining a ...Figure 4.37 Insertion of needle for collection of liver biopsy.Figure 4.38 Liver biopsy sample collected with True‐cut needle.Figure 4.39 Needle inserted into the subarachnoid space of an alpaca. There ...Figure 4.40 Diagram of the atlantooccipital space for cerebrospinal fluid co...Figure 4.41 Diagram illustrating collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the ...Figure 4.42 Lumbosacral space, dorsal view.Figure 4.43 A spinal needle has just been placed at the lumbosacral space. I...Figure 4.44 Diagram illustrating needle placement for shoulder arthrocentesi...Figure 4.45 Diagram illustrating needle placement for elbow arthrocentesis....Figure 4.46 Diagram illustrating needle placement for stifle arthrocentesis....Figure 4.47 Arthrocentesis of the tibiotarsal joint as viewed from the crani...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 An adult llama with a left cranial cruciate ligament rupture and ...Figure 5.2 An adult alpaca right stifle. (a) Craniocaudal view: the R marker...Figure 5.3 An adult llama with severe degenerative joint disease. (a) Latera...Figure 5.4 An immature alpaca with septic arthritis. (a) Craniocaudal view: ...Figure 5.5 Normal carpus from an immature llama. (a and c) Dorsopalmar view....Figure 5.6 Normal
