American Diabetes Association. ADA Guideline 2017. 2017. doi:10.2337/dc16‐S003.152 152. Sinclair AJJ, Abdelhafiz A, Dunning T, et al. An international position statement on the management of frailty in diabetes mellitus: summary of recommendations 2017. Vol 7. 2018:10–20. doi:10.14283/jfa.2017.39.
153 153. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA – J Am Med Assoc. 2018. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14854.
154 154. Hordern MD, Dunstan DW, Prins JB, Baker MK, Singh MAF, Coombes JS. Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes: A position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia. J Sci Med Sport. 2012; 15(1):25–31. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.005.
155 155. Mavros Y, Kay S, Anderberg KA, et al. Changes in insulin resistance and HbA1c are related to exercise‐mediated changes in body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes: Interim outcomes from the GREAT2DO trial. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(8):2372–2379. doi:10.2337/dc12‐2196.
156 156. Mavros Y, Kay S, Simpson KA, et al. Reductions in C‐reactive protein in older adults with type 2 diabetes are related to improvements in body composition following a randomized controlled trial of resistance training. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014; 5(2):111–120. doi:10.1007/s13539‐014‐0134‐1.
157 157. Kovacevic A, Mavros Y, Heisz JJ, Fiatarone Singh MA. The effect of resistance exercise on sleep: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2018; 39:52–68. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.07.002.
158 158. Balducci S, Leonetti F, Di Mario U, Fallucca F. Is a long‐term aerobic plus resistance training program feasible for and effective on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients? Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(3):841–842. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.3.841.
159 159. Baldi JC, Snowling N. Resistance training improves glycaemic control in obese type 2 diabetic men. Int J Sports Med. 2003; 24(6):419–423. doi:10.1055/s‐2003‐41173.
160 160. Cuff DJ, Meneilly GS, Martin A, Ignaszewski A, Tildesley HD, Frohlich JJ. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(11):2977–2982. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.2977.
161 161. Loimaala A, Huikuri HV, Kööbi T, Rinne M, Nenonen A, Vuori I. Exercise training improves baroreflex sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003; 52(7):1837–1842. doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1837.
162 162. De A, Dunstan DW, Daly RM, et al. High‐intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1729.
163 163. Rodriguez‐Mañas L, Laosa O, Vellas B, et al. Effectiveness of a multimodal intervention in functionally impaired older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12432.
164 164. Mavros Y, Kay S, Anderberg KA, et al. Changes in insulin resistance and HbA1c are related to exercise‐mediated changes in body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes: Interim outcomes from the GREAT2DO trial. Diabetes Care. 2013. doi:10.2337/dc12‐2196.
165 165. Volpato S, Bianchi L, Lauretani F, et al. Role of muscle mass and muscle quality in the association between diabetes and gait speed. Diabetes Care. 2012. doi:10.2337/dc11‐2202.
166 166. Wray LA, Ofstedal MB, Langa KM, Blaum CS. The effect of diabetes on disability in middle‐aged and older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005; 60(9):1206–1211. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.9.1206.
167 167. Sinclair A, Dunning T, Rodriguez‐Mañas L. Diabetes in older people: new insights and remaining challenges. lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015; 3(4):275–285. doi:10.1016/S2213‐8587(14)70176‐7.
168 168. Rodriguez‐Mañas L, Fried LP. Frailty in the clinical scenario. Lancet. 2015. doi:10.1016/S0140‐6736(14)61595‐6.
169 169. Umpierre D, Ribeiro PAB, Kramer CK, et al. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA. 2011; 305(17):1790–1799. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.576.
170 170. Zhao RR, O’Sullivan AJ, Fiatarone Singh MA. Exercise or physical activity and cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2018; 15(1):1. doi:10.1186/s11556‐018‐0190‐1.
171 171. Izquierdo M, Cadore EL. Muscle power training in the institutionalized frail: A new approach to counteracting functional declines and very late‐life disability. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014; 30(7). doi:10.1185/03007995.2014.908175.
172 172. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, Gardner MM, Norton RN, Buchner DM. Psychotropic medication withdrawal and a home‐based exercise program to prevent falls: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999; 47(7):850–853. doi:10.1111/j.1532‐5415.1999.tb03843.x.
173 173. Castaneda C, Gordon PL, Uhlin KL, et al. Resistance training to counteract the catabolism of a low‐protein diet in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001.
174 174. Thune I, Brenn T, Lund E, Gaard M. Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(18):1269–1275. doi:10.1056/NEJM199705013361801.
175 175. Miller ME, Rejeski WJ, Reboussin BA, Ten Have TR, Ettinger WH. Physical activity, functional limitations, and disability in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48(10):1264–1272. doi:10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2000.tb02600.x.
176 176. Morris JN, Fiatarone M, Kiely DK, et al. Nursing rehabilitation and exercise strategies in the nursing home. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999; 54(10):M494–500. doi:10.1093/gerona/54.10.m494.
177 177. Fransen M, McConnell S, Harmer AR, Van der Esch M, Simic M, Bennell KL. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: a Cochrane systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49(24):1554–1557. doi:10.1136/bjsports‐2015‐095424.
178 178. Volpato S, Onder G, Cavalieri M, et al. Characteristics of nondisabled older patients developing new disability associated with medical illnesses and hospitalization. J Gen Intern Med. 2007. doi:10.1007/s11606‐007‐0152‐1.
179 179. Martínez‐Velilla N, Casas‐Herrero A, Zambom‐Ferraresi F, et al. Effect of exercise intervention on functional decline in very elderly patients during acute hospitalization: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019; 179(1):28–36. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4869.
180 180. Sáez de Asteasu ML, Martínez‐Velilla N, Zambom‐Ferraresi F, et al. Assessing the impact of physical exercise on cognitive function in older medical patients during acute hospitalization: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial. PLOS Med. 2019; 16(7):e1002852. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002852.
181 181. Brown CJ, Foley KT, Lowman JD, et al. Comparison of posthospitalization function and community mobility in hospital mobility program and usual care patients a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1870.
182 182. Covinsky KE, Palmer RM, Fortinsky RH, et al. Loss of independence in activities of daily living in older adults hospitalized with medical illnesses: Increased vulnerability with age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1532‐5415.2003.51152.x.
183 183. Brown CJ, Redden DT, Flood KL, Allman RM. The underrecognized epidemic of low mobility during hospitalization of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2009.02393.x.
184 184.
