duct and i...Figure 21.3 Hypoenhancing lesion with a central cystic component at the panc...13 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Aetiology of anaemia.Figure 22.2 Most prevalent types of anaemia in older adults.Figure 22.3 Diagnostic laboratory values for iron deficiency anaemia, anaemi...Figure 22.4 Diagnostic laboratory values for vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia....Figure 22.5 Key mechanisms for anaemia of chronic disease.
14 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Mechanism of microvascular thrombosis and bleeding in DIC. Broke...
15 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Coagulation cascade.Figure 24.2 The natural anticoagulant pathway directly inhibits and negative...
16 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Relationship between the intensity of anticoagulation and the ri...
17 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Overlap between frailty, comorbidity, and disability. ADL, activ...Figure 28.2 (a) Unadjusted Kaplan‐Meier cumulative probability of incident f...Figure 28.3 Hazard ratios for mortality by BMI after adjustment for age, his...Figure 28.4 Epidemiology of heart failure. AMI, acute myocardial infarction;...
18 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Junctional bradycardia: failure of sinus beats has resulted in a...Figure 29.2 Rhythm strip showing advanced second‐degree heart block. The sec...Figure 29.3 Complete heart block. Rhythm strip showing P waves (arrows) that...Figure 29.4 Atrial tachycardia. Abnormal, inverted P waves are seen (arrows)...Figure 29.5 Twelve‐lead ECG of typical atrial flutter with variable AV block...Figure 29.6 Rhythm strip of a patient in AF with a slow ventricular response...Figure 29.7 Lead II rhythm strip of a patient with chronic AF who presented ...Figure 29.8 Rhythm strip showing single and paired ventricular ectopic beats...Figure 29.9 Rhythm strip showing non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia.Figure 29.10 Rhythm strip showing an episode of ventricular fibrillation wit...Figure 29.11 Chest X‐ray of a patient with an ICD (atrial and ventricular le...
19 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Schematic presentation of the main factors involved in the patho...Figure 30.2 Main outlines of the treatment of stable and decompensated ischa...Figure 30.3 Types of myocardial infarctions. Type 1, infarction related to c...
20 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C),...Figure 31.2 Regression estimates of mean plasma lipid values by age for male...Figure 31.3 Modification of lipid patterns by lifestyle change and drugs. Li...Figure 31.4 Effects on major vascular events per mmol/L reduction in LDL cho...Figure 31.5 Secondary prevention in patients with clinical ASCVD. ‘Very high...Figure 31.6 Flowchart for hepatotoxicity evaluation in patients on statin th...Figure 31.7 Flowchart for myopathy evaluation in patients on statin therapy....
21 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Pathophysiology of hypertension in older people. Age‐related vas...Figure 33.2 Suggested dynamic targets that are based on and change with pati...
22 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Schematic presentation of the pathophysiology of heart failure. ...Figure 34.2 Schematic presentation of the principles of heart failure manage...Figure 34.3 Nonpharmacological approaches in the management of heart failure...Figure 34.4 Treatment approach for symptomatic heart failure with reduced ej...
23 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Age distribution of cardiac procedures (2009–2018) in adult pati...Figure 35.2 Isolated aortic valve replacement by conventional cardiac surger...Figure 35.3 Type of cardiac surgery done in 185,013 patients undergoing hear...Figure 35.4 The rate of complications. In‐hospital mortality (circles and do...Figure 35.5 Management of STEMI patients within 12 hours of first medical co...Figure 35.6 Actuarial survival rate of 474 patients 80 years of age or older...Figure 35.7 Comparative data between an unselected population of 80‐year‐old...Figure 35.8 Choice of TAVI versus surgical AVR in the patient with severe sy...Figure 35.9 Change in procedure volume for aortic valve replacement (AVR; br...Figure 35.10 Survival following transcatheter aortic valve implantation depe...Figure 35.11 Long‐term survival of 614 consecutive patients who underwent ei...Figure 35.12 The therapeutic International Normalised Ratio (INR) window is ...Figure 35.13 Trends of surgical ablation in the US by operative procedure, 2...Figure 35.14 Adult and paediatric heart transplants according to median dono...Figure 35.15 The average yearly rate (during the first five years after pres...
24 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in age...Figure 36.2 Measurement and diagnostic characteristics of the ankle‐brachial...
25 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Diagnostic algorithm for lower‐limb DVT. DVT, deep vein thrombos...Figure 37.2 Diagnostic algorithm for PE without haemodynamic instability. PE...
26 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Decision tree for hospitalization of frail elderly patients with...
27 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 Possible mechanism for the development of aspiration pneumonia i...
28 Chapter 41Figure 41.1 Main risk factors and vulnerable groups of older people for COVI...
29 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Inhaled medication in COPD. ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, l...
30 Chapter 45Figure 45.1 Sleep hypnogram for a young adult and an 80‐year‐old. Horizontal...
31 Chapter 46Figure 46.1 the interplay of different pathogenetic mechanisms in NPH.Figure 46.2 CT scan showing typical features of NPH, with ventricular enlarg...Figure 46.3 T1‐weighted axial view showing the maximum diameter of the horns...Figure 46.4 Coronal T1‐weighted views showing enlarged ventricles (*) and DE...Figure 46.5 T1‐weighted sagittal view through the midline showing the narrow...Figure 46.6 T1‐weighted coronal view through the posterior commissure, perpe...Figure 46.7 Idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus grading scale (iNPHGS)....Figure 46.8 Schema for predicting shunt responsiveness. A positive response ...Figure 46.9 Diagnostic criteria according to the Japanese Guidelines, 2012....Figure 46.10 Diagram of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt system.Figure 46.11 Valve pressure programming for the Codman–Hakim shunt. A built‐...Figure 46.12 Ventricles do not necessarily shrink after successful shunting....Figure 46.13 Subdural effusion. (a) Note the hypodense collection in the sub...
32 Chapter 47Figure 47.1 (a) Early changes of right MCA territory infarction on CT scan; ...Figure 47.2 Multiple areas of hyperintense wedge‐shaped cerebral infarction ...Figure 47.3 Carotid artery dissection on MR imaging. There is left carotid d...Figure 47.4 Carotid artery stenosis.Figure 47.5 Effect of surgery on the absolute risk of main trial outcomes at...
33 Chapter 48Figure 48.1 Activation on functional MRI during a choice reaction task in a ...Figure 48.2 Functional MRI on a choice reaction task using the affected hand...Figure 48.3 Functional MRI on a choice reaction task using the affected hand...
34 Chapter 49Figure 49.1 Normal swallowing process.
35 Chapter 50Figure 50.1 Schematic representation of a subdural hematoma. The dura has tw...Figure 50.2 CT scan of a left acute SDH (hyperdensity) with associated midli...Figure 50.3 Head CT showing (a) bilateral chronic SDH (hypodensities) and (b...Figure 50.4 (a) T2‐weighted MRI showing bilateral chronic SDH; (b) T1‐weight...
36 Chapter 53Figure 53.1 MRI showing a convex aspect of the midbrain, indicating atrophy
