55Figure 55.1 Schematic presentation of the main lines of the pathogenesis of ...38 Chapter 57Figure 57.1 Dermatomyositis. Note the erythema over the knuckles (Gottron’s ...Figure 57.2 Dermatomyositis. Muscle biopsy (Haematoxylin & Eosin stain [H&E]...Figure 57.3 Polymyositis. Muscle biopsy (H&E, ×115). Note the endomysial inf...Figure 57.4 Inclusion body myositis. Muscle biopsy (H&E, ×460). Note the two...Figure 57.5 Inclusion body myositis. Muscle biopsy (electron micrograph, ×13...Figure 57.6 Type II fibre atrophy. Muscle biopsy (ATPase, pH 9.4, ×30). The ...Figure 57.7 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.8 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.9 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.10 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.11 Myotonic dystrophy. Characteristic facial appearance. Note the ...Figure 57.12 Mitochondrial cytopathy. Muscle biopsy (modified Gomori trichro...
39 Chapter 63Figure 63.1 Evolution of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis criteria over the pas...
40 Chapter 65Figure 65.1 The pyramid of vascular cognitive impairment vs. vascular dement...
41 Chapter 66Figure 66.1 Cognitive reserve.
42 Chapter 67Figure 67.1 Alzheimer’s disease and the potential roles of physical activity...
43 Chapter 68Figure 68.1 Main results of clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease over tim...
44 Chapter 69Figure 69.1 Schematic diagram depicting the spectrum of vascular cognitive i...Figure 69.2 Differentiation of clinical features of vascular dementia by ves...Figure 69.3 Schematic representation depicting how Lewy bodies (DLB) and Par...Figure 69.4 Clinico‐pathologic correlation of the clinical subtypes of front...
45 Chapter 70Figure 70.1 Conceptual model describing interactions of individuals with dem...
46 Chapter 71Figure 71.1 In this model, changes in functional connectivity, inflammation,...
47 Chapter 73Figure 73.1 Outline of the life cycle for an individual. At each stage, mult...Figure 73.2 The pyramid of services for people with mental health problems i...
48 Chapter 75Figure 75.1 Mechanisms subserving balance in humans.Figure 75.2 Normal sequence of events leading to recovery from a peripheral ...Figure 75.3 Head thrust test: normal to the left (a) and (b), abnormal to th...Figure 75.4 The Dix‐Hallpike manoeuvre for inducing positional nystagmus.Figure 75.5 Pathophysiological mechanisms of cupulolithiasis and canalithias...Figure 75.6 Particle repositioning procedure for canalithiasis of the left p...Figure 75.7 Factors predisposing to decompensation.
49 Chapter 76Figure 76.1 Schematic drawing of the major layers of the olfactory bulb and ...Figure 76.2 Scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Te...Figure 76.3 Male normative data for the University of Pennsylvania Smell Ide...Figure 76.4 Prevalence of smell impairment in men and women by age group usi...Figure 76.5 (a) and (b) Distribution of taste buds on the human tongue. Tast...
50 Chapter 77Figure 77.1 Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in po...Figure 77.2 Treatment pathways according to the categorisation of fracture r...
51 Chapter 78Figure 78.1 The 30‐Second Chair Stand assessment.Figure 78.2 The 4‐Stage Balance Test assessment.Figure 78.3 The Berg Balance Scale.Figure 78.4 (a) The walking gait cycle. During double stance, the weight is ...Figure 78.5 The Get Up and Go Test.Figure 78.6 The Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries (STEADI) algor...
52 Chapter 79Figure 79.1 Classification of hip fractures by Parker and Johansen.Figure 79.2 Intracapsular fracture fixed with three screws.Figure 79.3 Fracture treated with an uncemented Moore hemiarthroplasty.Figure 79.4 Fracture treated with a cemented total arthroplasty.Figure 79.5 Bipolar hemiarthroplasty.Figure 79.6 Trochanteric fracture fixed by dynamic hip screw.Figure 79.7 Trochanteric fracture fixed by gamma nail.
53 Chapter 80Figure 80.1 Common foot problems in older people. (a) Onychomycosis; (b) dia...
54 Chapter 81Figure 81.1 Classical feedback loop between glucose and pancreatic secretion...Figure 81.2 Effects of disease on feedback among hypothalamus, pituitary, an...Figure 81.3 Effects of aging on feedback among hypothalamus, pituitary, and ...Figure 81.4 Differences in protein binding of testosterone between young and...
55 Chapter 82Figure 82.1 Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and its hypothalamic...
56 Chapter 83Figure 83.1 Algorithm for diagnosing thyroid disorders in the presence of an...Figure 83.2 Algorithm for diagnosing thyroid disorders in the presence of re...Figure 83.3 Algorithm for diagnosing and managing thyroid nodule in the pres...Figure 83.4 Algorithm for diagnosing and managing thyroid nodule in the pres...
57 Chapter 84Figure 84.1 The follicular content of the ovary determines two different sce...Figure 84.2 The ovary of a young woman, replete with follicles, and that of ...Figure 84.3 The Study of Women Across the Nation found that ethnic origin in...Figure 84.4 The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study found a reduction of 3...Figure 84.5 Trunk obesity increases the release of free fatty acids (FFA) to...
58 Chapter 85Figure 85.1 Diagnosis of hypogonadism.
59 Chapter 89Figure 89.1 Algorithm for evaluating and managing prostate cancer in the eld...
60 Chapter 92Figure 92.1 (a) Cancer incidence rates in men; (b) cancer incidence rates in...Figure 92.2 Guideline for the management of senior adult oncology patients....
61 Chapter 95Figure 95.1 Matching the complexity of clinical decision‐making to the decis...Figure 95.2 Nausea and vomiting pathways.Figure 95.3 Comparing the course of chronic disease to cancer. The y‐axis is...
62 Chapter 97Figure 97.1 The pathway from frailty to death.Figure 97.2 The frailty threshold.Figure 97.3 The major causes of frailty.Figure 97.4 The pathogenesis of frailty in congestive heart failure.Figure 97.5 Frailty and diabetes mellitus.Figure 97.6 Frailty and anaemia.Figure 97.7 Schematic view of the biochemistry of sarcopenia.
63 Chapter 98Figure 98.1 The complex interaction between health status, activity, and par...Figure 98.2 Honda’s experimental Walking Assist Device with Body Weight Supp...Figure 98.3 Rocker‐bottom shoe with an insole.Figure 98.4 Two types of lower limb prostheses are shown, with a solid ankle...
64 Chapter 100Figure 100.1 WHO ICOPE care pathways. (a) Cognitive capacity care pathways t...Figure 100.2 WHO ICOPE handbook app.
65 Chapter 101Figure 101.1 The rising prevalence of VHD according to age. Frequency in (a)...Figure 101.2 (a) Transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) demonstrating severe ...Figure 101.3 Chest X‐ray demonstrating pulmonary oedema: cardiomegaly, alveo...Figure 101.4 (a) Parasternal long‐axis transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) de...Figure 101.5 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in aortic stenosis. (a) A na...Figure 101.6 The natural history of aortic stenosis demonstrating a long asy...Figure 101.7 Continuous‐wave Doppler profile in severe aortic stenosis. The ...Figure 101.8 Indications for intervention in patients with severe aortic ste...Figure 101.9 Contemporary transcatheter aortic valve implantation devices: (...Figure 101.10 Selection of an aortic valve management strategy in elderly pa...Figure 101.11 Transthoracic echo views: (a and b) rheumatic mitral stenosis ...Figure 101.12 (a) The Inoue balloon used during percutaneous balloon mitral ...Figure 101.13 Schematic of the carrying aetiologies of mitral regurgitation ...Figure 101.14 Representative echocardiogram images of an elderly patient wit...Figure 101.15 The percutaneous MitraClip device (inset) provides a central t...Figure 101.16 (a) TTE showing vegetations on aortic valve leaflets; (b) TTE ...Figure 101.17 Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis ...
66 Chapter 106Figure 106.1 Different types of suboptimal prescription.
