REFERENCES
8 CRYSTALLIZATION AND THERMAL PROPERTIES*
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 CRYSTALLINITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION
8.3 CRYSTALLIZATION REGIME
8.4 FIBERS
8.5 COMMERCIAL POLYMERS AND PRODUCTS
8.6 DEGRADATION AND CRYSTALLINITY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 RHEOLOGY OF POLY(LACTIC ACID)
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 FUNDAMENTAL CHAIN PROPERTIES FROM DILUTE SOLUTION VISCOMETRY
9.3 PROCESSING OF PLA: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
9.4 MELT RHEOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW
9.5 PROCESSING OF PLA: RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
9.6 CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX 9.A DESCRIPTION OF THE SOFTWARE
REFERENCES
10 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 GENERAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT EFFECT
10.3 TEMPERATURE EFFECT
10.4 RELAXATION AND AGING
10.5 ANNEALING
10.6 ORIENTATION
10.7 STEREOREGULARITY
10.8 SELF‐REINFORCED PLA COMPOSITES
10.9 PLA NANOCOMPOSITES
10.10 COPOLYMERIZATION
10.11 PLASTICIZATION
10.12 PLA BLENDS
10.13 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
11 MASS TRANSFER
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 BACKGROUND ON MASS TRANSFER IN POLYMERS
11.3 MASS TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF NEAT PLA FILMS
11.4 MASS TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED PLA
11.5 FINAL REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
12 MIGRATION AND INTERACTION WITH CONTACT MATERIALS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 MIGRATION PRINCIPLES
12.3 LEGISLATION
12.4 MIGRATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL DATA OF LACTIC ACID, LACTIDE, DIMERS, AND OLIGOMERS
12.5 EDI OF LACTIC ACID
12.6 OTHER POTENTIAL MIGRANTS FROM PLA
12.7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
11 PART III: PROCESSING AND CONVERSION 13 PROCESSING OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2 PROPERTIES OF PLA RELEVANT TO PROCESSING 13.3 MODIFICATION OF PLA PROPERTIES BY PROCESS AIDS AND OTHER ADDITIVES 13.4 DRYING AND CRYSTALLIZING 13.5 EXTRUSION 13.6 INJECTION MOLDING 13.7 FILM AND SHEET CASTING 13.8 STRETCH BLOW MOLDING 13.9 EXTRUSION BLOWN FILM 13.10 THERMOFORMING 13.11 MELT SPINNING 13.12 SOLUTION SPINNING 13.13 ELECTROSPINNING 13.14 FILAMENT EXTRUSION AND 3D‐PRINTING 13.15 CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS OF PLA POLYMERS REFERENCES 14 BLENDS 14.1 INTRODUCTION 14.2 PLA NONBIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS 14.3 PLA/BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS 14.4 PLASTICIZATION OF PLA 14.5 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 15 FOAMING 15.1 INTRODUCTION 15.2
