rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_7ccfb393-7679-5b1e-8eb6-1b659d187c4f">FIGURE 1.3 During conversion of glucose to pyruvate, chemical energy (ATP) i...FIGURE 1.4 Lactic acid formation from pyruvate: reoxidation of NADH and NAD ...FIGURE 1.5 Simplified block scheme of traditional lactic acid production pro...FIGURE 1.6 The three diastereomeric structures of lactide (3,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐...FIGURE 1.7 Schematic illustration of lactide manufacture by thermal catalyti...FIGURE 1.8 Ring‐opening polymerization of lactide to PLA initiated by an alc...FIGURE 1.9 Equilibrium reaction of tin octoate with alcohol initiator or imp...3 Chapter 2FIGURE 2.1 Selected vapor pressures of anhydrous lactic acid selected from l...FIGURE 2.2 Chemical structure of lactic acid and lactoyllactic acid.FIGURE 2.3 Chemical reaction between lactic acid and lactoyllactic acid.FIGURE 2.4 Left axis—total titratable acidity tabulated by Holten [28] from ...FIGURE 2.5 The percent equivalent monomer lactic acid for L1 through L4. Ope...FIGURE 2.6 Parity plot of p values determined by two methods as explained in...FIGURE 2.7 VLE data for lactic acid + water at 101.33 kPa as reported by Vu ...FIGURE 2.8 Comparison of aqueous lactic acid density calculated using Equati...FIGURE 2.9 Comparison of viscosity calculated using Equations 2.29–2.31 with...FIGURE 2.10 Comparison of viscosity calculated using Equations 2.29–2.31 wit...
4 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1 Manufacturing routes for lactic‐acid‐based polymers.FIGURE 3.2 Theoretical relation between concentration of chain terminator an...FIGURE 3.3 Schematic description of the solid‐state polycondensation.FIGURE 3.4 Chain‐extension reactions of LA‐based prepolymers using diisocyan...FIGURE 3.5 Chain‐extension reactions of LA‐based prepolymers using bis‐2‐oxa...FIGURE 3.6 Chain‐extension reactions of LA‐based prepolymers using bis‐epoxi...
5 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 Structures explored as comonomers with lactide monomer. (a) GA, (...FIGURE 4.2 Structures of catalysts used in lactide polymerization.FIGURE 4.3 Polyol cores used for synthesis of different architecture in lact...FIGURE 4.4 Representative structure of triblock copolymer based on LLA and P...FIGURE 4.5 Schematic diagram of the synthesis of ABA triblock copolymer usin...FIGURE 4.6 Synthetic route for the preparation of cholesterol–PEG–PDLA [37]....FIGURE 4.7 Synthesis of protected and deprotected block copolymers. Polymeri...FIGURE 4.8 Star‐shaped copolymers of LA [119].FIGURE 4.9 Representative structure of multiblock copolymers based on LLA an...FIGURE 4.10 Reaction sequence for preparation of PNIPAAm‐b‐PLA [72].FIGURE 4.11 Synthesis of 3‐alkylthiophene and LLA‐based block copolymer [127...FIGURE 4.12 Synthesis of oxanorbornenes and LA‐based copolymers [145].FIGURE 4.13 Synthetic route for the preparation of branched PLLA.FIGURE 4.14 Reaction scheme of enzymatic polymerization [154].FIGURE 4.15 Synthesis of macromonomers.FIGURE 4.16 Structure of LA‐ and DMS‐based macromonomers and macroinitiators...FIGURE 4.17 Hydroxy end‐functionalized star‐shaped PCL macroinitiators [56]....FIGURE 4.18 Common routes to synthesize random and alternating PLGA and typi...
6 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1 Stereoblock PLA formation from rac‐LA in a single step.FIGURE 5.2 Two‐step ROP for the synthesis of di‐sb‐PLA.FIGURE 5.3 Two‐step ROP for the synthesis of tri‐sb PLA followed by chain ex...FIGURE 5.4 Schematic representation of the methods adopted for developing sb...FIGURE 5.5 Applications of the sc‐PLA‐based copolymers and composites.
7 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 Sample preparations and phase transitions of the various crystal ...FIGURE 6.2 2D‐WAXD patterns of PLLA (a) mesophase, (b) δ form, (c) α...FIGURE 6.3 Crystal structure of PLLA α form. The space group is P1211. No sy...FIGURE 6.4 Comparison between the observed (broken line) and calculated (sol...FIGURE 6.5 (a) Comparison of the observed 00l reflection profile with the ca...FIGURE 6.6 Temperature dependence of the 1D WAXD profile measured in the pha...FIGURE 6.7 Observed X‐ray 00l reflection profiles of PLLA α and δ ...FIGURE 6.8 Crystal structure of PLLA β form (model 2).FIGURE 6.9 Comparison of the observed X‐ray diffraction profiles with those ...FIGURE 6.10 Temperature dependence of 2D X‐ray diffraction patterns of the o...FIGURE 6.11 The temperature dependence of the crystallite
