FOAMS
15.3 FOAMING AGENTS
15.4 FORMATION OF CELLULAR PLASTICS
15.5 PLASTIC FOAMS EXPANDED WITH PHYSICAL FOAMING AGENTS
15.6 PLA FOAMED WITH CHEMICAL FOAMING AGENTS
15.7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA FOAMS
15.8 FOAMING OF PLA/STARCH AND OTHER BLENDS
REFERENCES
16 COMPOSITES
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 PLA MATRIX
16.3 REINFORCEMENTS
16.4 NANOCOMPOSITES
16.5 SURFACE MODIFICATION
16.6 PROCESSING
16.7 PROPERTIES
16.8 APPLICATIONS
16.9 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
17 NANOCOMPOSITES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 NANOCLAY‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES
17.3 CARBON‐NANOTUBES‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES
17.4 GRAPHENE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES
17.5 NANOCELLULOSE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES
17.6 OTHER NANOPARTICLE‐CONTAINING PLA NANOCOMPOSITES
17.7 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA‐BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
17.8 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
18 MECHANISM OF FIBER STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN MELT SPINNING OF PLA
18.1 INTRODUCTION‐FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN POLYMER PROCESSING
18.2 HIGH‐SPEED MELT SPINNING OF PLLAs WITH DIFFERENT D‐LACTIC ACID CONTENT
18.3 HIGH‐SPEED MELT‐SPINNING OF RACEMIC MIXTURE OF PLLA AND PDLA
18.4 BICOMPONENT MELT SPINNING OF PLLA AND PDLA
18.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
12 PART IV: DEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, AND END OF LIFE 19 PHOTODEGRADATION AND RADIATION DEGRADATION 19.1 INTRODUCTION 19.2 MECHANISMS OF PHOTODEGRADATION 19.3 MECHANISM OF RADIATION DEGRADATION 19.4 PHOTODEGRADATION OF PLA 19.5 RADIATION DEGRADATION OF PLA 19.6 IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON BIODEGRADABILITY 19.7 MODIFICATION AND COMPOSITES OF PLA REFERENCES 20 THERMAL DEGRADATION 20.1 INTRODUCTION 20.2 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLLA BASED ON WEIGHT LOSS 20.3 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DEGRADATION 20.4 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR 20.5 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLA STEREOCOMPLEX: scPLA 20.6 CONTROL OF RACEMIZATION 20.7 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 21 HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.1 INTRODUCTION 21.2 DEGRADATION MECHANISM 21.3 PARAMETERS FOR HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.4 STRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES DURING HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.5 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 22 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION 22.1 INTRODUCTION 22.2 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF PLA FILMS 22.3 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF THIN FILMS 22.4 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF LAMELLAR CRYSTALS 22.5 RECENT ADVANCES IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMES THAT DEGRADE PLAs INCLUDING PDLA AND RELATED COPOLYMERS 22.6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES 23 ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF POLY (LACTIC ACID) 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO LCA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS
