of commercially available PLLA at a heating rate of...22 Chapter 21FIGURE 21.1 Molecular structures of linear homopolymers and copolymers of la...FIGURE 21.2 Hydrolytic chain cleavage mechanisms of PLLA in alkaline (a) and...FIGURE 21.3 Expected processes of hydrolytic degradation of water‐insoluble ...FIGURE 21.4 Hydrolytic degradation mechanisms of bulky PLA materials: (a) su...FIGURE 21.5 Schematic representation of the hydrolytic degradation behavior ...FIGURE 21.6 Schematic representation of spherulitic structure [356] .FIGURE 21.7 Schematic representation of structures of crystallized PLA mater...FIGURE 21.8 GPC profiles of crystallized PLLA films hydrolytically degraded ...FIGURE 21.9 M n change of PLLA crystalline residues during the course of hyd...FIGURE 21.10 T m of crystallized PLLA films crystallized at different temper...FIGURE 21.11 GPC profiles of crystallized PLLA films hydrolytically degraded...FIGURE 21.12 Arrhenius plots of PLLA, P(R‐3HB), PCL, PBS, and PBSA in the me...FIGURE 21.13 M n change of amorphous PLLA having high and low molecular weig...FIGURE 21.14 M n change of PLLA films having different initial crystallinity...FIGURE 21.15 Schematic representation of completely amorphous and crystalliz...FIGURE 21.16 Crystallinity (X c) change of PLLA films having different initi...FIGURE 21.17 Glass transition (T g) and melting temperature (T m) changes of...FIGURE 21.18 Advancing contact angle ( θ a) change during alkaline hyd...FIGURE 21.19 Scanning electron photomicrographs of PLLA films containing sph...FIGURE 21.20 Polarized optical photomicrographs of PLLA films containing sph...FIGURE 21.21 Schematic representation of alkaline treatment and graft polyme...FIGURE 21.22 M n of PLLA hydrolytically degraded in the melt as a function o...FIGURE 21.23 Yields of lactic acid from PLLA during hydrolytic degradation a...
23 Chapter 22FIGURE 22.1 Enzymatic degradation and microbial metabolism.FIGURE 22.2 Spherulite structure and lamellar crystals in polymeric material...FIGURE 22.3 Enzymatic hydrolysis rate of PLLA films as a function of the inv...FIGURE 22.4 Enzymatic hydrolysis rate of PLLA films as a function of the ini...FIGURE 22.5 Enzymatic hydrolysis rate of PLA stereocopolymer films as functi...FIGURE 22.6 Enzymatic hydrolysis rate of (a) enantiomeric blend films from P...FIGURE 22.7 Advancing contact angles (θa) with water on the surface of end‐c...FIGURE 22.8 Weight loss of amorphous film of PLLA end capped with alkyl este...FIGURE 22.9 Scanning electron micrographs of the surfaces (a, c, e, g, i, k)...FIGURE 22.10 Scanning electron micrographs of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight PHB...FIGURE 22.11 AFM amplitude images of PLLA thin films (crystallized at 160°C)...FIGURE 22.12 AFM amplitude images of PLLA thin film (120 nm in thickness) cr...FIGURE 22.13 AFM height images of PLLA thin films (crystallized at 160°C for...FIGURE 22.14 AFM height and phase images of (a) PLLA amorphous thin film bef...FIGURE 22.15 Dependence of enzymatic erosion rate (▪) and adsorbed enzymes (...FIGURE 22.16 Continuous AFM height images of PLLA monolayer (M n = 84,000 Da)...FIGURE 22.17 AFM height images of PLLA thin films before (a and c) and after...FIGURE 22.18 Electron micrographs after shadowing with a Pt–Pd alloy of PLLA...FIGURE 22.19 Time‐dependent changes in the absorbance at 210 nm of the react...FIGURE 22.20 (a) Electron micrograph of PLLA single crystals suspended in 50...FIGURE 22.21 Gel permeation chromatograms of PLLA single crystals before and...FIGURE 22.22 Electron micrograph of PLLA/PDLA stereocomplex formed by thin f...FIGURE 22.23 Substrate specificity of PLA‐ and related polyester‐degrading e...FIGURE 22.24. Enzymatic degradation of PLLA and PDLA emulsion. (a) Proteinas...
24 Chapter 23FIGURE 23.1 Generic life cycle stages.FIGURE 23.2 Life cycle flows for PLA production from corn.FIGURE 23.3 Corn wet mill coproducts. Note: CGF: corn gluten feed; CGM: corn...FIGURE 23.4 End‐of‐life process contribution for incineration and landfill....FIGURE 23.5 Life cycle environmental impacts of PLA.
25 Chapter 24FIGURE 24.1 Cradle‐to‐gate, cradle‐to‐grave, and cradle‐to‐cradle representi...FIGURE 24.2 Carbon cycle of polymers and environmental footprint (EFP) for P...FIGURE 24.3 Hierarchy of the waste management system showing the most effici...FIGURE 24.4 Steps and stakeholders required for a successful material recycl...FIGURE 24.5 Number average molecular weight (M n), and average molecular weig...FIGURE 24.6 Steps of the composting process in an industrial facility.FIGURE 24.7 Steps of the composting process in a home composting facility....FIGURE 24.8 Main steps of the polymer biodegradation.FIGURE 24.9 (a) CO2 evolution of blank, cellulose, and PLA film; (b) percent...FIGURE 24.10 Calorific values of several polymers and fuels.FIGURE 24.11 Global warming score based on a LCA for EoL scenarios of PLA....
26 Chapter 25FIGURE 25.1 3D PLLA square braid with intraarticular (IA) zone and bone atta...FIGURE 25.2 Reconstruction of an infraspinatus (IS) tendon by a PLLA felt (F...FIGURE 25.3 (a) SEM image of the rough interior of the pile‐finished PLLA fa...FIGURE 25.4 Image of X‐repair patch.FIGURE 25.5 Macroscopic and cross‐sectional SEM images of ABSORB BVS.FIGURE 25.6 PLLA mesh tray (for lower jawbone). The tray may be cut with sci...FIGURE 25.7 (a) Schematic diagram of screw implantation in rabbit tibia prox...FIGURE 25.8 (a) Design of the PLLA and stainless steel plates, (b) measured ...FIGURE 25.9 The piezoelectric constants (stress: e14•, and strain: d14⚬) of ...FIGURE 25.10 (a) Procedure for implantation of the PLLA rods into the intram...FIGURE 25.11 PLLA‐based (a) screws, (b) rods, and (c) miniplates.FIGURE 25.12 Schematic diagram of the paclitaxel‐loaded micelle formation....FIGURE 25.13 Macroscopic and SEM images of electrospun PLA conduits [161].FIGURE 25.14 PLA screw‐like scaffold created using 3D printing. (a) A 3D vie...
27 Chapter 26FIGURE 26.1 Classification of Ingeo PLA grades commercialized by NatureWorks...
28 Chapter 27FIGURE 27.1 Cross‐sectional view of sheath/core type of PLA bicomponent fibe...FIGURE 27.2 Cross‐sectional view of side‐by‐side type of PLA bicomponent fib...FIGURE 27.3 Relationship of yarn properties (tensile strength, Young's modul...FIGURE 27.4 Effects of take‐up speed during melt spinning on crystallinity a...FIGURE 27.5 Changes in the tensile strength, the weight and the relative vis...FIGURE 27.6 Aerobic biodegradation photographs of PLA fabric in compost at 5...FIGURE 27.7 Aerobic composting test result of PLA fibers according to ISO 14...FIGURE 27.8 Anaerobic digestion test result of PLA fibers according to ISO 1...FIGURE 27.9 Test results for water uptake and transport on PLA and PET fabri...FIGURE 27.10 Test results for flammability of the fabrics of PLA and PET in ...FIGURE 27.11 Accelerated weathering test result of PLA and PET fibers by Sun...FIGURE 27.12 PLA ground cover sheet for plants.FIGURE 27.13 PLA vertical drain sheets.FIGURE 27.14 PLA head rest covers.FIGURE 27.15 PLA tea bag filters.FIGURE 27.16 PLA body towels.FIGURE 27.17 PLA eco‐bags.FIGURE 27.18 3D‐printing PLA filaments and its 3D printings.
29 Chapter 28FIGURE 28.1 Outline of the solid‐phase denitrification process using biodegr...FIGURE 28.2 Bioremediation model of chlorinated ethenes via reductive dechlo...
Guide
7 PREFACE
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