measured at 23°C and 0% RH shown in origina...FIGURE 11.8 Arrhenius plots of water vapor permeability coefficients (
13 Chapter 12FIGURE 12.1 Chemical structures of lactic acid, linear dimer of lactic acid ...
14 Chapter 13FIGURE 13.1 Comparison of glass transition and melting temperatures of PLA w...FIGURE 13.2 Typical closed‐loop dual‐bed regenerative desiccant‐type dryer f...FIGURE 13.3 Plots of molecular weight loss of PLA versus time under differen...FIGURE 13.4 Effects of twin‐screw extruder temperature and screw rotation sp...FIGURE 13.5 (a) Typical geometries of a screw for single‐screw extruder; (b)...FIGURE 13.6 Typical cycle events for an injection molding process.FIGURE 13.7 PVT plots for PLA polymers (NatureWorks LLC, 4.25% D‐isomer) [57...FIGURE 13.8 Effects of temperature and time on the aging of injection‐molded...FIGURE 13.9 Biaxially oriented extrusion cast film machine and typical tempe...FIGURE 13.10 Comparison of PLA films' mechanical properties.FIGURE 13.11 Effects of strain rate, temperature, and mode of biaxial orient...FIGURE 13.12 (a) DSC thermograms of PLA films prepared at different melt‐dra...FIGURE 13.13 Injection‐stretch‐blow molding cycle of PLA bottle: (a) preform...FIGURE 13.14 Blow film extruder and key process parameters. V f: take‐up spee...FIGURE 13.15 Thermoforming of heated PLA sheet over a negative mold using pl...FIGURE 13.16 Schematic representation of melt spinning setup: (1) extruder d...FIGURE 13.17 Stress–strain plots of the high‐speed‐spun PLA fibers.FIGURE 13.18 Schematic representations of immersion‐jet wet spinning (a); dr...FIGURE 13.19 Effect of chloroform/toluene ratio in the PLLA (viscosity‐avera...FIGURE 13.20 (a) Dependence of the tensile strength on the draw ratio for tw...FIGURE 13.21 Schematic representations of typical single‐spinneret (a) and f...FIGURE 13.22 SEM micrographs of electrospun PLA fibers. Spin dope solutions ...FIGURE 13.23 Typical printing extruder head configuration for the fused fila...
15 Chapter 14FIGURE 14.1 Representation of different morphologies developed during melt b...FIGURE 14.2 Scanning electron micrographs of cryofractured surfaces of (a) 8...FIGURE 14.3 SEM images of 80/20 wt% PLLA/LLDPE2 impact bar fracture surfaces...FIGURE 14.4 Gradient porous structure from 1‐D thermal gradient: (a) overall...FIGURE 14.5 TEM images (scale bar = 2 μm) of the PLA/EVA (80/20) blends with...FIGURE 14.6 TEM image of (a) uncompatibilized PLLA/ABS = 50/50 blend, (b) PL...FIGURE 14.7 Cryofractured surface morphology of PLA/TPO (80/20) blend: (a) w...FIGURE 14.8 Optical micrographs of PLA/PMMA 70/30 blend: during (a) and at t...FIGURE 14.9 (a) DSC thermogram in the second heating runs for solution/preci...FIGURE 14.10 Polarized optical micrographs of PLA/PVAc blends, isothermally ...FIGURE 14.11 Ternary phase diagrams obtained by turbidity measurements at ro...FIGURE 14.12 Comparison of the difference in optimum particle size for tough...FIGURE 14.13 (a) Trend of MFR as a function of PBSA content; (b) trend of to...FIGURE 14.14 SEM and FE‐SEM images of the cryo‐surfaces of the PLLA/PBSL ble...FIGURE 14.15 Optical microphotograph of the typical multi‐reservoir‐type mic...FIGURE 14.16 SEM images (scale bar = 10 μm) of cryo‐fracture surfaces o...FIGURE 14.17 Chemical reactions of the PLA‐starch (TPS) crosslinking process...FIGURE 14.18 SEM micrographs after removing TPCS domains by acid etching of ...FIGURE 14.19 SEM images of PLA, physical, and reactive blends: (a) PLA, (b) ...FIGURE 14.20 SEM micrographs of various PLA/TPS blends (70/30 by wt) after a...FIGURE 14.21 (a) SEM micrographs of tensile fractured surfaces (in MD), (b) ...FIGURE 14.22 Stress–strain plots for neat PLA, PLA/PPG4 (M w = 425 g/mol), PL...FIGURE 14.23 Cross sections of the PLA/PEG 70/30 blend as viewed in the pola...FIGURE 14.24 SEM micrographs of the fracture surfaces of the samples: cross‐...
16 Chapter 15FIGURE 15.1 Schematic of a batch microcellular foaming process (a) gas satur...FIGURE 15.2 SEM micrographs of amorphous PLA (8302D, NatureWorks, 10% D‐lact...FIGURE 15.3 Dependence of cell size and cell density of PLA (NatureWorks 300...FIGURE 15.4 Effects of foaming time and foaming temperature on the density o...FIGURE 15.5 Master plot of density versus T f + ΔT g (reduced foaming temper...FIGURE 15.6 SEM micrographs (×200) of neat PLA (a) and PLA branched with 0.5...FIGURE 15.7 Schematic of the extrusion foaming system.FIGURE 15.8 Effect of processing temperature profile levels on the cell morp...FIGURE 15.9 SEM of amorphous PLA 8302D (NatureWorks, 10% D‐lactic acid conte...FIGURE 15.10 Effect of endothermic CFA (BIH40) content on the density of amo...FIGURE 15.11 Effect of rotational screw speed on the density of amorphous PL...
17 Chapter 16FIGURE 16.1 (a) Computer model, (b) cut‐section of computer model, and (c) 3...FIGURE 16.2 Schematic diagram of hybrid nanogenerator (NG): (a) Schematic of...FIGURE 16.3 Number of research articles published on PLA‐based nanocomposite...FIGURE 16.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of nacre inspired ...FIGURE 16.5 Schematic illustration representing mechanism for fracture tough...FIGURE 16.6 3D scanned and printed models of wrist splints of (a) gypsum PLA...FIGURE 16.7 Visual observation of pristine PLA and PLA‐based nanocomposites ...FIGURE 16.8 Photographs displaying the thermo‐responsive shape memory effect...FIGURE 16.9 (a) 3D‐printed TPU/PLA/GO nanocomposites, (b) deformability of t...FIGURE 16.10 MWCNT/PLA microneedle‐based sensor for dermal biosensing, (from...
18 Chapter 17FIGURE 17.1 (a) The schematic diagram of eccentric rotor extrusion system: (...FIGURE 17.2 (a) Schematic of multistage stretching extrusion system; (b) the...FIGURE 17.3 (a, b) Transmission electron microscope images of PLAN3 (3 wt% a...
19 Chapter 18FIGURE 18.1 Diameter profiles of the spin‐lines of (a) PLA‐L, (b) PLA‐M, and...FIGURE 18.2 Wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction patterns of as‐spun PLA‐L, PLA‐M, a...FIGURE 18.3 Effect of take‐up velocity on birefringence of as‐spun PLA‐L, PL...FIGURE 18.4 Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of as‐spun PLA‐L, ...FIGURE 18.5 Comparison of modulated‐DSC thermograms and lattice spacing vari...FIGURE 18.6 Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns of as‐spun r‐PLA fibers pr...FIGURE 18.7 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of as‐spun r...FIGURE 18.8 Variations of the amount (crystallinity index) of α‐form an...FIGURE 18.9 Schematic diagrams of the spinning packs for producing (a) C/S (...FIGURE 18.10 Variations of birefringence with take‐up velocity for (a) sheat...FIGURE 18.11 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of as‐spun ...FIGURE 18.12 Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns of as‐spun fibers with C/...
20 Chapter 19FIGURE 19.1 Light and high‐energy radiations.FIGURE 19.2 Electron transitions between molecular orbitals. Note: The dista...FIGURE 19.3 (a–c) Various excited states of PLA.FIGURE 19.4 (a–n) Ionization of molecules through unselective strong interac...FIGURE 19.5 PLA decomposition by UV light according to McNeill and Leiper [1...FIGURE 19.6 (a and b) Main chain scission of PLLA via Norrish type I and II ...FIGURE 19.7 Photodegradability of biodegradable polyesters according to Tsuj...FIGURE 19.8 (a and b) Mechanism A and B of photodegradation of PLLA under UV...FIGURE 19.9 Radical oxidation process of irradiated PLA samples, cited with ...FIGURE 19.10 ESR spectra of PLA/TMPD at 77 K: (a) after irradiation at 77 K ...FIGURE 19.11 (a–d) Production of TMPD+˙ radical cations (a), main chain scis...FIGURE 19.12 Production of (I) main chain radicals, (II) scission radicals, ...FIGURE 19.13 Simulation of the ESR spectrum: (a) ESR spectrum of PLA γ‐irrad...FIGURE 19.14 SEM photographs of UV‐irradiated (60 h) and nonirradiated (0 h)...
21 Chapter 20FIGURE 20.1 Thermal degradation mechanisms of PLLA.FIGURE 20.2 Thermogravimetric curves of PLLA/PS (50 : 50 wt/wt) and PLLA/PS/...FIGURE 20.3 TGA profile of PLLA/PS (50 : 50 wt/wt) at 1 K/min in a constant ...FIGURE 20.4 TGA profile of PLLA/PS/MgO = 50 : 50 : 5 (wt/wt/wt) at 1 K/min i...FIGURE 20.5 TGA profiles of commercially available PLLA measured at various ...FIGURE 20.6 Changes in E value on thermal degradation of commercially availa...FIGURE 20.7 Plots of log{−log[1 − (1 − w)0.5]} vs 1/T for thermogravimetric ...FIGURE 20.8 TGA profile of commercially available PLLA at a heating rate of ...FIGURE 20.9 TGA profile of commercially available PLLA at a heating rate of ...FIGURE 20.10
