of Pus), Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4 (1871): 486–501.
39
S. B. Weineck, D. Koelblinger, and T. Kiesslich, "Medizinische Habilitation im deutschsprachigen Raum: Quantitative Untersuchung zu Inhalt und Ausgestaltung der Habilitationsrichtlinien" (Medical Habilitation in German-Speaking Countries: Quantitative Assessment of Content and Elaboration of Habilitation Guidelines), Der Chirurg 86, no. 4 (April 2015): 355–65; Theodor Billroth, The Medical Sciences in the German Universities: A Study in the History of Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1924).
40
Freidrich Miescher, "Die Spermatozoen einiger Wirbeltiere: Ein Beitrag zur Histochemie" (The Spermatazoa of Some Vertebrates: A Contribution to Histochemistry), Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 6 (1874): 138–208; Dahm, "Discovering DNA"; Ulf Lagerkvist, DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 35–67.
41
Dahm, "Discovering DNA," 574.
42
Описание истории евгеники взято из одной из моих книг, а именно: Howard Markel, The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek (New York: Pantheon, 2017), 298–321.
43
Гальтон также противопоставлял воспитание природе. Он и Чарльз Дарвин приходятся внуками английскому врачу, натуралисту, изобретателю и поэту Эразму Дарвину. См.: Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883), 17, 24–25, 44; Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan, 1869); Francis Galton, "On Men of Science: Their Nature and Their Nurture," Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 7 (1874): 227–36.
44
Howard Markel, Quarantine: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 179–82; Howard Markel, When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Unleashed (New York: Pantheon, 2004), 34–36; Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), 87–119.
45
Государственный закон США № 68–139, принятый 68-м Конгрессом США; John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New York: Atheneum, 1963), 152; Barbara M. Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956); Markel, Quarantine, 1–12, 66–67, 75–98, 133–52, 163–78, 181–85; Markel, When Germs Travel, 9–10, 35–36, 56, 87–89, 96–97, 102–3.
46
Charles E. Rosenberg, "Charles Benedict Davenport and the Irony of American Eugenics," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Press, 1976), 89–97; Garland E. Allen, "The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910–1940: An Essay in Institutional History," OSIRIS (second series) 2 (1986): 225–64; Oscar Riddle, "Biographical Memoir of Charles B. Davenport, 1866–1944," Biographical Memoirs, vol. 25 (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1947).
47
Джеймс Уотсон неоднократно высказывался о том, что представители черной расы генетически менее развиты интеллектуально, нежели белые. Одно из таких заявлений имело место в передаче канала PBS из цикла «Американские мастера». См.: Amy Harmon, "For James Watson, the Price Was Exile," New York Times, January 1, 2019, D1; "Decoding Watson," American Masters, PBS, January 2, 2019, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/american-masters-decoding-watson-full-film/10923/?button=fullepisode.
48
Rosenberg, No Other Gods, 91.
49
Charles B. Davenport, "Report of the Committee on Eugenics," American Breeders Magazine 1 (1910): 129.
50
Письмо Ч. Давенпорта Мэдисон Грант. 7 апреля 1922 г., материалы Чарльза Давенпорта, Американское философское общество, Филадельфия. См.: Rosenberg, No Other Gods, 95–96.
51
Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916); Jacob H. Landman, Human Sterilization: The History of the Sexual Sterilization Movement (New York: Macmillan, 1932); Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Municipal Court of Chicago, 1932); Paul Lombardo, Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010); Adam Cohen, Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck (New York: Penguin, 2016); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 96–112. Труднее сосчитать представителей сексуальных меньшинств, инвалидов, цыган и других «неполноценных», убитых согласно идеологии гитлеровского режима. См.: U.S. Holocaust Museum, "Documenting the Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution," https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution.
52
Archibald Garrod, Garrod's Inborn Factors in Disease: Including an annotated facsimile reprint of The Inborn Factors in Disease (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Thomas Hunt Morgan, "The Theory of the Gene," American Naturalist 51 (1917): 513–44; T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller, and C. B. Bridges, The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, revised ed. (New York: Henry Holt, 1922);
