British Queen is expected to be impartial or “above politics” and her political advice to the Prime Minister is kept secret.
11. A barrister is required to have reached an accepted educational standard and to have become a member of the Inns of Court1.
12. In recent times lawyers have made efforts to make their profession less mysterious; after all, their job is supposed to clarify matters for the public, not to make them more complicated.
13. Lawyers try to explain exactly why a judicial decision has been made, even when the decision appears to be obvious common sense.
14. The overall acquittal rate is said to be increasing now that defendants have the right to be tried by a jury.
15. Due to the system of checks and balances the President is not as powerful as many people outside the US seem to think he is.
16. War crimes are understood to mean serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during international or non-international armed conflicts.
17. It is a criminal offence to publish anything which is likely to ‘deprave and corrupt’ people. This law is aimed at preventing the worst type of pornographic material from being published.
I think hardship is necessary for life to be good, for you to enjoy it.
If you don’t know hardship, you don’t
know when you have it good.
Wallace Rassmussen, President, Beatrice Foods, Chicago
4. For – фразы с инфинитивом
MODELS
1. It is cheaper for a company to issue bonds than shares. Выпуск облигаций обходится компании дешевле, чем выпуск акций.
2. Some industrial projects are too sophisticated for experts to evaluate their effect on the environment.
Некоторые промышленные объекты настолько сложны, что эксперты не могут оценить степень их влияния на окружающую среду.
1. The problem under discussion was too complicated for the participants in the Congress to cope with.
2. All these factors aggravated the debt problem and it was impossible for the country to meet its external debt service obligations in time.
3. One of the ways to run a business is for two or more people to form a partnership in which they share management, profits and liabilities to debts.
4. There is always a need for management to give the front line personnel relevant guidelines for all activities.
5. The WTO is a forum for member governments to negotiate trade agreements and to try to sort out trade problems.
6. Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their interpretations may become precedents for other courts to follow.
7. As a first step it is customary for the solicitor to try to settle a dispute without litigation.
8. It is necessary for at least ten of the twelve jurors to agree in order to find a defendant guilty.
9. It is now possible for barristers to be employed by firms of solicitors, companies, or other institutions as in-house lawyers.
10. Immediately after judgement has been given, it is usual for the counsel for the successful party to ask for costs, and this is a matter for the judge’s discretion.
11. It is possible for American candidates to win a majority in a state and still lose the popular vote and the Electoral College.
12. Cabinet officials are appointees of the President, so when the President’s service ends it is customary for the Cabinet to resign.
13. The US Special Courts have been established to handle cases which are sometimes difficult for a judge to understand.
14. It is essential for a sovereign state to be able to create such legal relations with other entities as it feels fit.
15. In recent years it has been difficult for intellectual property law to keep pace with technological change.
16. They say, there are a lot of young lawyers now, far too many for the legal job market to absorb.
17. It is illegal for businesses to conspire with each other in order to fix prices or divide markets between them.
Lawyers with a weakness for seeing the merits of
the other side end up being employed by neither.
Richard J. Barnet
5. Герундий в различных синтаксических функциях
MODELS
1. Rewriting laws is a slow and painstaking process. Пересмотр законов – это длительный и трудоемкий процесс.
2. Sometimes we can break rules without suffering any penalty.
Иногда мы можем нарушать правовые нормы, не подвергаясь за это никакому наказанию.
3. Some people have gone so far as describing political power (a consequence of lobbying) as one of the main components of marketing.
Некоторые люди настолько переоценивают роль политической власти (результат лоббирования), что считают ее одной из основных составляющих маркетинга.
1. In England the main decision for a future lawyer is between becoming a barrister or solicitor.
2. Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated, but there are arguments for maintaining as well as removing the distinction.
3. The precedent is the rule of law which the first instance judge relied on in determining the case’s outcome.
4. Some transactions are so complex that few of us would risk making them without seeking legal advice: for example, buying or selling a house or setting up a business.
5. Punishing offenders, compensating the injured and enforcing agreements are merely some of the tasks of a modern legal system.
6. Many brutal methods have been used throughout history to execute condemned criminals, including being burnt alive, thrown to wild animals, boiled
