heroism of law enforcement officers was graphically illustrated in the September 11, 2001, attack on America when officers were rushing to the World Trade Center twin towers as citizens were rushing from it.
Ярким примером героизма сотрудников правоохранительных органов стали события 11 сентября 2001 года, когда во время теракта полицейские стремились как можно быстрее добраться до башен-близнецов Всемирного торгового центра, в то время как простые граждане убегали оттуда.
1. Transition to a market economy is a very long-term task, for it takes longer to change a society than to build a city or reconstruct an enterprise.
2. The new challenge which faced the international community as it approached the beginning of the second millennium was the implementation of human rights.
3. As legal systems evolved, different rules tended to fall into two main categories: criminal law and civil law.
4. Since the US $ is the world’s most important trading currency there is a market of many billions of Eurodollars (including the oil-exporting countries’ “petrodollars”).
5. As the society develops and becomes more complex, rules of a more definite nature emerge and a body of laws comes into existence.
6. Parliament has great powers, for it is our chief law-maker.
7. As our notions of privacy have changed the courts have emerged as the arena where debate is most often conducted concerning personal matters.
8. Early years at the B ar may be insecure since solicitors are reluctant to entrust their work to an untrained barrister and without work he is likely to remain untried.
9. There isn’t any great gap between the work of experienced modern barristers and solicitors, for there are many barristers who do little advocacy and there are solicitors who have made considerable reputations for themselves in the courts.
10. The inferior courts in the US federal system have less political importance, since their principal duty is to settle routine cases where no constitutional question is at stake.
11. A defamatory letter which is mailed directly to the plaintiff, who opens and reads it, is not a publication, since there is no communication to a third person.
12. Since the U.S. district courts are federal courts, they are allowed to hear cases only where federal jurisdiction exists.
13. As litigation expenses have climbed, plaintiffs and defendants have sought ways to curtail cost.
14. Procedure in the County Courts in England tends to be quicker and less formal than in the High Court and, since the cases are heard locally, less costly.
15. Since the object of arbitration is to avoid the formalities, delay and expenses of litigation in court, judicial review of an arbitrator’s award is more limited than appellate review of a trial’s court decision.
16. There have been proposals to stop using juries in long complicated fraud trials, since this type of trial is particularly difficult for an ordinary person to understand.
People tell me there are a lot of guys like me,
which doesn’t explain why I’m lonely.
Mort Sahl
8. Обобщающее Which
MODEL
Even today ordinary courts often take account of business practice in reaching a decision, which plays a certain role in the evolution of English law.
Даже сейчас суды общей юрисдикции при выработке решения часто принимают во внимание деловую практику, что (и это) играет определенную роль в эволюции английского права.
In the present treatise the term ‘air law’ has been adopted, which is current practice.
В данной работе используется термин «воздушное право», что является общепринятой практикой.
1. Sometimes a company chooses to issue new shares to its shareholders instead of paying dividends, which is called a bonus issue.
2. If we had a world currency we’d have no exchange rates, which presumably would be good for trade.
3. Before a company makes something and tries to sell it, it wants to find out whether people would like to buy the thing, which is called a market research.
4. A cartel is a group of producers or sellers who fix prices and quantities in order to avoid competition and increase profits, which is illegal in many countries.
5. Most insurance companies and pension funds which own the majority of shares in major companies insist on extremely high dividends, which forces businesses to think about nothing but short-term profitability.
6. In many countries, professional people such as lawyers, doctors and architects are not allowed to form limited companies, which makes them serve their clients better because they have unlimited liability.
7. The world is changing and new legal rules have to be created quickly, which is done through Parliament.
8. In nations with democratic systems of government, most court cases are open to public, which means that any member of the public may witness a court case.
9. The plaintiff might have to wait several years for his remedy, which often makes it hardly worth the effort involved.
10. Instead of damages, a plaintiff sometimes asks the court to force the other contractor to carry out the contract, which in English law is called specific performance.
11. When parties are joined in an action, they are called either coplaintiffs or co-defendants, which simply means that more than one party is involved on either side of an action.
12. Both arbitration proceedings and decisions are kept confidential, which is a great advantage in disputes which relate to sensitive matters.
13. The Department of Trade and Industry tries to ensure that British markets are open and competitive, which includes ensuring that mergers and takeovers do not prevent competition among firms.
14. According to the WTO agreement a country can change its binding only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could mean compensating them for loss of trade.
15. Every state has the right to equality in law with every other state, which means that
