dans l’Europe mediévale, 2 vols (Bruges, 1955–1977), 1, р. 213.
561
Там же.
562
Verlinden, Esclavage, 2, рр. 218–230, 731–732; W. Phillips, Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Manchester, 1985), р. 62.
563
H. Loyn and R. Percival (eds), The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration (London, 1975), р. 129.
564
В Германии раньше было принято делать то же самое, используя приветствие «Servus».
565
Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, tr. T. Reuter, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen (New York, 2002), I. 39–41.
566
Pactum Hlotharii I, in McCormick, ‘Carolingian Economy’, р. 47.
567
G. Luzzato, An Economic History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Sixteenth Century, tr. Р. Jones (London, 1961), рр. 35, 51–53; Phillips, Slavery, р. 63.
568
McCormick, ‘Carolingian Economy’, рр. 48–49.
569
Hudūd al-ʿĀlam, in The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography 372 AH – 982 AD, tr. V. Minorsky, ed. C. Bosworth (London, 1970), рр. 161–162.
570
Ibn Faḍlān, ‘Book of Ahmad ibn Faḍlān’, р. 44; Ibn Khurradādhbih, ‘Book of Roads and Kingdoms’, р. 12; Martinez, ‘Gardīzī’s Two Chapters on the Turks’, рр. 153–154.
571
Russian Primary Chronicle, tr. S. Cross and O. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, MA, 1953), р. 61.
572
Annales Bertiniani, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1885), р. 35.
573
Masʿūdī, ‘Meadows of Gold’, рр. 145–146; Ibn Ḥawqal, ‘Book of the Configuration of the Earth’, р. 175.
574
Ibn Ḥawqal, ‘Book of the Configuration of the Earth’, р. 178.
575
R. Kovalev, ‘Mint Output in Tenth Century Bukhara: A Case Study of Dirham Production with Monetary Circulation in Northern Europe’, Russian History / Histoire Russe 28 (2001), рр. 250–259.
576
Russian Primary Chronicle, р. 86.
577
Там же, р. 90.
578
H. Halm, Das Reich des Mahdi. Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden (875–973) (Munich, 1991); F. Akbar, ‘The Secular Roots of Religious Dissidence in Early Islam: The Case of the Qaramita of Sawad Al-Kufa’, Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 12.2 (1991), рр. 376–390. О распаде халифата в этот период см. M. van Berkel, N. El Cheikh, H. Kennedy and L. Osti, Crisis and Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (Leiden, 2013).
579
Bar Hebraeus, Ktābā d-maktbānūt zabnē, E. Budge (ed. and tr.), The Chronography of Gregory Abul Faraj, 2 vols (Oxford, 1932), 1, р. 164.
580
Matthew of Edessa, The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, tr. A. Dostourian (Lanham, 1993), I. 1, р. 19; M. Canard, ‘Baghdad au IVe siècle de l’Hégire (Xe siècle de l’ère chrétienne)’, Arabica 9 (1962), рр. 282–283. См. здесь R. Bulliet, Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History (New York, 2009), рр. 79–81; R. Ellenblum, The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 (Cambridge, 2012), рр. 32–36.
581
Ellenblum, Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean, рр. 41–43.
582
C. Mango, The Homilies of Photius Patriarch of Constantinople (Cambridge, MA, 1958), рр. 88–89.
583
Russian Primary Chronicle, рр. 74–75.
584
Shepard, ‘The Viking Rus’ and Byzantium’, in S. Brink and N. Price (eds), The Viking World (Abingdon, 2008), рр. 498–501.
585
См., например, A. Poppe, ‘The Building of the Church of St Sophia in Kiev’, Journal of Medieval History 7.1 (1981), рр. 15–66.
586
Shepard, ‘Viking Rus’’, р. 510.
587
T. Noonan and R. Kovalev, ‘Prayer, Illumination and Good Times: The Export of Byzantine Wine and Oil to the North of Russia in Pre-Mongol Times’, Byzantium and the North. Acta Fennica 8 (1997), рр. 73–96; M. Roslund, ‘Brosamen vom Tisch der Reichen. Byzantinische Funde aus Lund und Sigtuna (ca. 980–1250)’, in M. Müller-Wille (ed.), Rom und Byzanz im Nordern. Mission und Glaubensweschel im Ostseeraum während des 8–14 Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart, 1997), 2, рр. 325–385.
588
L. Golombek, ‘The Draped Universe of Islam’, in Р. Parsons Soucek (ed.), Content and Context
