Initially, the most prominent representatives of the emerging Mycenaean states had the team in Greece. It was they who fought with chariots, both with a bow and with the help of a spear, which required direct contact with the enemy and possible dismounting. The bulk of the troops consisted of infantrymen. The battle in this period was of a «heroic» individual character, since the society itself was at the stage of «military democracy». After the constitution of statehood, the Achaean kingdoms became bureaucratic monarchies of the eastern type, where the palace was the center of production and distribution. But rather, the Achaean states formed as an apparatus of violence in the conquest, because in later time free citizens did not pay taxes, and in the Pylonsk plaques there is evidence of taxation. Such a state mechanism could contain an army, giving it weapons, food, providing land and all this keeping the troops under constant control. In this period (XV – XIII centuries.) Charioteers, as in the East, were a privileged social stratum. Chariots received from the imperial arsenals the most expensive elements of their weapons – armor, they were given out of stables by horses, and from storage – by chariots. Personal weapons chariot fighters probably had their own. May 15, 1468 BC. held the first documented battle in history – Megiddo, where the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III fought against the Canaanite kings. A brilliant military commander, Thutmose III, personally leading the war chariots placed in the center, defeated scattered Syrian-Palestinian troops. The most important chariot battle in ancient history is the Battle of Kadesh (1299 BC), in which up to seven thousand chariots participated from the Egyptians, the Hittites and the Syrians. How did the famous ancient Greek heroes from the «Iliad» of Homer fight?
«No, so that no one, on the art of riding and on the strength of a reliable,
Before others did not blaze ahead with matches to fight or back to address: you weaken yourself.
Who else in his chariot will come the chariot, set the peak forward: the best way for the cavalry.
So doing, and the ancient walls, and hailstones were smashed, the mind and spirit of this kind kept in valiant body».
«Homer, «Iliad»
Homer believed that they dismounted before the battle or fought a throwing dart weapon and fired arrows from bows. It is clear that no one saw the true picture of the battle, or, rather, did not believe in ancient stories. «Quickly the hero with a chariot with weapons spun on the ground; Sharp spears hesitating, circling around the militia, Spilling the fire into battle; and he raised a terrible scourge, the Trojans turned to battle and stood in the face of the Argives. «Homer, The Iliad. But all the same fight was conducted by chariot fighters with shock long spears, in the manner of medieval knights. The structure of the chariots was comparatively free, linear, for possible maneuver. The goal was to knock down the enemy’s chariot from the chariot, and the spear had to break, otherwise the impulse would throw the warrior out of the chariot. In the event of an attack by the chariot fighters of enemy infantry, the maneuver was even more complicated. The chariot was to attack the infantry not in the forehead, in the front, but at an acute angle – that is, the driver of the rules along the enemy’s system, and the soldier pierced the infantry with a heavy spear. If the chariot fighter used the ramming blow, the spear broke, and the warrior used a spare. Horses, unlike fighting elephants, can not push the infantry. Therefore, the chariots can not and could not break through the infantry system, they only inflicted huge damage on the infantry, remaining invulnerable. Also, later, the klibanarii acted against the infantry at a later time – they drove up to the ranks, inflicted a terrible blow with a spear, and drove away, remaining invulnerable. And the rider’s spear must have broken, otherwise he could fly out of the saddle. And that’s where the message about the sickles on the wheels of the Persian war chariots – they would be effective when attacking at an acute angle to the formation, and not in the frontal attack. During the attack of the infantry, therefore, the chariots on the battlefield made a maneuver in the form of a figure eight, repeatedly calling in an attack on the infantry and making a maneuver of evasion. The infantry were rescued from destruction by their own chariots, attacking the enemy and not allowing them to deal with defenseless infantry. The function of the infantry basically consisted in supporting battle chariots, saving heroes, pulling out the wounded, and filing new copies. Later, in the Macedonian era, such a function was with the hypospists, they supported the Eters in battle. And so it was at the Battle of Heronie that the Macedonian Eaters destroyed the holy Theban detachment – approaching the Thebans with an expanded formation and hitting them with spears from a safe distance, returning alternately for a new blow with a spear. But not allowing to form a dump, that is, the attack of the Macedonians is similar to the work of a sewing machine – they destroyed the Thebans little by little. Also the Parthians destroyed the legions of Crassus. But an important secret was in the training of charioteers. All Achaean heroes, and Hercules, and Achilles, and Ajax, were chariot fighters. The process of preparation began from childhood, about this there were stories about the childhood of Achilles and Hercules. Achilles was given up in training to Chiron. He was even taught medicine. But the main thing was not in this. By behavioral reflexes and it is obvious that they received stimulants, for all the symptoms, obviously on the basis of ephedrine or methamphetamine. Ephedra aphylla – ephedra leafless (Ephedra aphylla Forssk). Epineph distachya is found in the south of the European part of Russia and in the steppes of Western Siberia. Ephedra major Host (Ephedra procera Fisch) is marked in intermountain hollows and longitudinal valleys in the North Caucasus and Dagestan. Ephedrine is a poisonous alkaloid, a plant-based psychostimulant. The substance is contained along with pseudoephedrine in various kinds of ephedra that grows in mountains of Central Asia and Western Siberia.The mechanism of action. Ephedrine activates α- and β-adrenoreceptors.As to the effect on the peripheral part of the sympathetic nervous system, the substance is similar to adrenaline, but its action is more mild and prolonged. ephedrine stimulates the central nervous system in a specific way, in the sympathetic system, the nerve nodes are outside the organs, and in the stressful situation, their activation becomes active, as a result, a person can run very quickly to escape persecution, or stand barefoot in the snow without feeling frostbite and The mobilization of all the body’s defenses takes place, which is sometimes accompanied by the release of adrenaline, and all domestic energy reserves are channeled into the fight against the danger. It is difficult to drive an organism into this state in a natural way, but it becomes possible, considering the effect of ephedrine on the body. It activates receptors, as a result of which processes are started that require significant energy inputs: pressure increases; heart rate increases; increased blood glucose; the tone of the muscles of the skeleton increases. The use of ephedrine leads to the fact that the intellectual and physical abilities of a person increase sharply, he feels vivacity, clarity of mind, is in high spirits. In fact, the substance «spurs» the body, acting as a whip. By pharmacological action – sympathomimetic, stimulates α- and β-adrenergic receptors, acting on varicose thickenings of efferent adrenergic fibers, promotes the release of norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft. In addition, it has a weak stimulating effect directly on adrenoreceptors. It causes vasoconstrictive, bronchodilating and psychostimulating action. Increases the overall peripheral vascular resistance and systemic arterial pressure, increases the minute volume of blood circulation, heart rate and heart rate, improves atrioventricular conductivity; increases the tone of skeletal muscles, the concentration of glucose in the blood. It inhibits intestinal peristalsis, dilates the pupil (without affecting accommodation and intraocular pressure). By psycho-stimulating action is close to amphetamine. It inhibits the activity of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. Has a stimulating effect on α-adrenergic receptors of blood vessels in the skin, causing narrowing of dilated vessels, thereby reducing their increased permeability, leading to a reduction in swelling in hives. Chronic use. The most common consequence is thrombophlebitis, vein thrombosis. Also, chronic use develops mental disorders associated with depletion of the nervous system (asthenia, neurosis, etc.), depression, psychosis (with delusional and / or hallucinatory symptoms). Now I will try to say so, to tell about the obvious, according to indirect data, constant use of amphetamines by Achaean heroes. 1. Incredible
