154; Extract Letter to Bombay, Commercial Department, May 4th, 1791, in Home Miscellaneous 374, Oriental and India Office Collections, British Library, London.
122
Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1947), 277; George Unwin, в предисловии к George W. Daniels, The Early English Cotton Industry (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1920), xxx. Это блестяще изображено в Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 9378, December 2002. Однако в их описании отсутствует упоминание о сохраняющейся важности институтов военного капитализма в других частях света, за пределами европейского ядра.
123
См.: важную работу Wennerlind, Casualties of Credit, esp. 223–25; Inikori, Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England, 478–79; P. K. O’Brien and S. L. Engerman, “Exports and the Growth of the British Economy from the Glorious Revolution to the Peace of Amiens,” in Barbara Solow, ed., Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 191.
124
Цит. по: Peter Spencer, Samuel Greg, 1758–1834 (Styal, Cheshire, UK: Quarry Bank Mill, 1989).
125
См., например: Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, “After Columbus: Explaining Europe’s Overseas Trade Boom, 1500–1800,” Journal of Economic History 62 (2002): 417–56; Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Path Dependence, Time Lags and the Birth of Globalization: A Critique of O’Rourke and Williamson,” European Review of Economic History 8 (2004): 81–108; Janet Abu-Lughod, The World System in the Thirteenth Century: Dead-End or Precursor? (Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1993); Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). Я согласен с Joseph E. Inikori, который рассуждает о важности «интегрированного производства товаров по всему земному шару» для истории глобализации. См.: Joseph E. Inikori, “Africa and the Globalization Process: Western Africa, 1450–1850,” Journal of Global History (2007): 63–86.
126
Mann, The Cotton Trade of Great Britain, 20.
127
Anthony Howe, The Cotton Masters, 1830–1860 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), 41; Michael James, From Smuggling to Cotton Kings: The Greg Story (Cirencester, UK: Memoirs, 2010), 4, 8–9, 37–40; Mary B. Rose, The Gregs of Quarry Bank Mill: The Rise and Decline of a Family Firm, 1750–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 5.
128
Caitlin C. Rosenthal, “Slavery’s Scientific Management: Accounting for Mastery,” in Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, eds., Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, forthcoming, 2015). Хорошее рассуждение о важности рабства для индустриализации можно найти также в Robin Blackburn, The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation and Human Rights (London: Verso, 2011), 104–107.
129
Важность атлантической торговли для «великого расхождения» также подчеркивал Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 9378, December 2002, esp. 4; Глубина вовлеченности британского общества в рабовладение и значение извлекаемых из него материальных выгод показаны в Nicholas Draper, The Price ofEmancipation: Slave-Ownership, Compensation and British Society at the End of Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
130
Rose, The Gregs of Quarry Bank Mill, 15–16, 20. Он в самом деле был ответственным, как утверждала его биограф Мэри Б. Роуз, за растущий спрос на ткани – спрос, который он знал непосредственно. См.: Mary B. Rose, “The Role of the Family in Providing Capital and Managerial Talent in Samuel Greg and Company, 1784–1840,” Business History 19, no. 1 (1977): 37–53.
131
James, From Smuggling to Cotton Kings, 21. Для преобразования: Eric Nye, “Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency,” University of Wyoming, http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm. Действительно, между 1801 и 1804 годами 59 % производства Грега шло в США; см.: Rose, The Gregs ofQuarry Bank Mill, 24, 28, 30 33. По поводу процентов по облигациям см.: David Stasavage, Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State: France and Great Britain, 1688–1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 96.
132
См.: David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technical Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty ofNations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York: Norton, 1998); Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York: Penguin Press, 2011); Ниал Фергюсон, Цивилизация. Чем Запад отличается от остального мира (Москва: АСТ, 2014); Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1998); Джаред Даймонд, Ружья, микробы и сталь. Судьбы человеческих обществ (Москва: АСТ, 2009). Обзор см. также: Joseph E. Inikori, Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Economic Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), chapter 2.
133
M. D. C. Crawford, The Heritage of Cotton: The Fibre of Two Worlds and Many Ages (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1924), v; Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation
