о таком распространении см.: The Sixteenth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce and Manufactures at Manchesterfor the Year 1836 Made to the Annual General Meeting of the Members, held February 13th 1837 (Manchester: Henry Smith, 1837), 13.
290
Сидней Поллард справедливо подчеркивает, что на данном этапе (до железных дорог) индустриализация была не национальным достижением, а региональным; в Европе существовали индустриальные области (например, Каталония). Sydney Pollard, Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization ofEurope, 1760–1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981); см. также: Joel Mokyr, Industrialization in the Low Countries, 1795–1850 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976), 26, 28.
291
Gunter Kirchhain, “Das Wachstum der deutschen Baumwollindustrie im 19. Jahr-hundert: Eine historische Modellstudie zur empirischen Wachstumsforschung” (PhD dissertation, University of Munster, 1973), 30, 41; Francisco Mariano Nipho, Estafeta de Londres (Madrid: n. p., 1770), 44, цит. по: Pierre Vilar, La Catalogne dans l’Espagne moderne: Recherches sur lefondements economiques des structures nationales, vol. 2 (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1962), 10; П.А. Хромов, Экономика России периода промышленного капитализма (Москва: Издательство ВПШ и АОН, 1963), 80; Howard F. Cline, “Spirit of Enterprise in Yucatan,” in Lewis Hanke, ed., History of Latin American Civilization, vol. 2 (London: Methuen, 1969), 133; Adelmann, Die Baumwollgewebe Nordwestdeutschlands, 153; Dunham, “The Development of the Cotton Industry,” 288; B. M. Biucchi, “Switzerland, 1700–1914,” in Carlo M. Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History ofEurope, vol. 4, part 2 (Glasgow: Collins, 1977), 634; Robert Levy, Histoire economique de l’industrie cotonniere en Alsace (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1912), 87, 89; United States Census Bureau, Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiledfrom the Original Returns of the Eighth Census under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1865), xvii; Ronald Bailey, “The Slave(ry) Trade and the Development of Capitalism in the United States: The Textile Industry in New England,” in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992), 221.
292
Bodmer, Die Entwicklung der schweizerischen Textilwirtschaft, 281.
293
Dhondt, “The Cotton Industry at Ghent,” 15; Muller, “Die Textilindustrie des Rau-mes,” 33; Max Hamburger, “Standortgeschichte der deutschen Baumwoll-Industrie” (PhD dissertation, University of Heidelberg, 1911), 19; Wallace Daniel, “Entrepreneurship and the Russian Textile Industry: From Peter the Great to Catherine the Great,” Russian Review 54, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–25; Levy, Histoire economique, 1ff.; Bodmer, Die Entwicklung der schweizerischen Textilwirtschaft, 181–203.
294
Adelmann, Die Baumwollgewebe Nordwestdeutschlands, 16, 54; Maurice Levy Leboyer, Les banques europeennes et l’industrialisation internationale dans la premiere moitie du XIXe siecle (Paris: [Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris], 1964); Dhondt, “The Cotton Industry at Ghent,” 16; William L. Blackwell, The Beginnings of Russian Industrialization, 1800–1860 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), 44; М.В. Конотопов, А. А. Котова, С. И. Сметанин и С. И. Сметанина, История отечественной текстильной промышленности (Москва: Легпромбытиздат, 1992), 94, 96. Этот процесс в деталях описан в отношении Эльзаса в Raymond Oberle, “La siecle des lumieres et les debuts de l’industrialisation,” in George Livet and Raymond Oberle, eds., Histoire de Mulhouse des origines a nosjours (Strasbourg: Istra, 1977), 127. Paul Leuilliot, “L’essor economique du XIXe siecle et les transformations de la cite,” in Livet and Oberle, eds., Histoire de Mulhouse, 182.
295
О концепции протоиндустриализации см.: P. Kriedte, H. Medick, and J. Schlum-bohm, Industrialization Before Industrialization: Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Meerwein, “Die Entwicklung der Chemnitzer,” 17–18; Thomson, A Distinctive Industrialization, 13.
296
Albert Tanner, Spulen, Weben, Sticken: Die Industrialisierung in Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Zurich: Juris Druck, 1982), 8, 19; Bodmer, Die Entwicklung der schweizerischen Textilwirtschaft, 231; John Bowring, Bericht an das Englische Parlament uber den Handel, die Fabriken und Gewerbe der Schweiz (Zurich: Orell, Fuessli und Compagnie, 1837), 37.
297
Shepard B. Clough, The Economic History ofModern Italy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), 62; Thomson, A Distinctive Industrialization, 12; Adelmann, Die Baumwollgewebe Nordwestdeutschlands, 49. Об obrajes см.: важную работу Richard J. Salvucci, Textiles and Capitalism in Mexico: An Economic History of the Obrajes, 1539–1840 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987); Muller, “Die Textilindustrie des Raumes Puebla,” 34.
298
Meerwein, “Die Entwicklung der Chemnitzer,” 18.
299
Bodmer, Die Entwicklung der schweizerischen Textilwirtschaft, 279, 339; Thomson, A Distinctive Industrialization, 208; Levy, Histoire economique, 1ff., 14–52; Roger Portal, “Muscovite Industrialists: The Cotton Sector, 1861–1914, in Blackwell, ed., Russian Economic Development, 174.
300
Barbara M. Tucker, Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), 52, 97.
301
William Holmes to James Holmes, Kingston, March 10, 1813, in Folder 49, John Holmes Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library, New York.
302
Meerwein, “Die Entwicklung der Chemnitzer,” 32; Enciclopedia Yucatanense, vol. 7, 62. О годовой оплате труда квалифицированных рабочих см.: Michael P. Costeloe, The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 108. Hau, L’industrialisation de l’Alsace, 328, 330, 340.
