and Nature of the Post-Revolutionary Foreign Slave Trade to North America, 1783–1810” (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 1999), 40–98; Walter Johnson, “Introduction,” in Johnson, ed., The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 6; Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South,” 59, 84, 314; Scherer, Cotton as a World Power, 151; Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 12.
230
См.: John H. Moore, “Two Cotton Kingdoms,” Agricultural History 60, no. 4 (Fall 1986): 1–16; цифры из Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South, 27–28; Ronald Bailey, “The Other Side of Slavery: Black Labor, Cotton, and Textile Industrialization in Great Britain and the United States,” Agricultural History 68 (Spring 1994): 38.
231
John Brown, Slave Life in Georgia: A Narrative of the Life, Sufferings, and Escape of John Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Now in England: Electronic Edition, ed. Louis Alexis Chamerovzow (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2001), 11, 27, 171–72 http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jbrown/jbrown.html, исходная публикация 1854 г.; Henry Bibb, Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himsefl: Electronic Edition (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000), 132, http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bibb/bibb.html.
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William Rathbone VI to Rathbone Brothers, 2 February 1849, RP/ XXIV.2.4, File of Correspondence, Letters from William Rathbone VI while in America, Rathbone Papers, Special Collections and Archives, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; The Liverpool Chronicle цит. по: Bremer Handelsblatt 93 (1853): 6.
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Эта тема целиком излагается в John Casper Branner, Cotton in the Empire of Brazil: The Antiquity, Methods and Extent of Its Cultivation, Together with Statistics of Exportation and Home Consumption (Washington, DC: Goverment Printing Office, 1885), 25–27 и особенно Luiz Cordelio Barbosa, “Cotton in 19th Century Brazil: Dependency and Development” (PhD dissertation, University of Washington, 1989), 7, 9, 65; Eugene W. Ridings Jr., “The Merchant Elite and the Development of Brazil: The Case of Bahia during the Empire,” Journal ofInteramerican Studies and World Affairs 15, no. 3 (August 1973): 343; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 694; это важное соображение тщательно исследовано в Rothman, “The Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South,” 55; см. также: Chaplin, “Creating a Cotton South,” 193.
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По 400 фунтов в тюке. Цифры взяты из Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom, 129.
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Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth, 7–10.
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Bonnie Martin, “Slavery’s Invisible Engine: Mortgaging Human Property,” Journal of Southern History 76, no. 4 (November 2010), 840–41.
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C. Wayne Smith and J. Tom Cothren, eds., Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), 103, 122; О различном происхождении американского хлопка см. также: Whitemarsh B. Seabrook, A Memoir of the Origin, Cultivation and Uses of Cotton (Charleston, SC: Miller & Browne, 1844), 15; John H. Moore, “Cotton Breeding in the Old South,” Agricultural History 30 (1956): 97; Moore, The Emergence of the Cotton Kingdom, 35; Gray, History ofAgriculture, 691.
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American Cotton Planter 2 (May 1854): 160.
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W. E. B. DuBois, The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States ofAmeri-ca (New York: General Books LLC, 2009), 140; Edgar T. Thompson, Plantation Societies, Race Relations, and the South: The Regimentation of Population: Selected Papers of Edgar T. Thompson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 217; Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, “Slave Productivity on Cotton Production by Gender, Age, Season, and Scale”; www.iga.ucdavis.edu/Research/ all-uc/conferences/spring-2010, доступ 11 июня 2012 г.; Bailey, “The Other Side of Slavery,” 36.
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Caitlin C. Rosenthal, “Slavery’s Scientific Management: Accounting for Mastery,” in Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, eds., Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History ofAmerican Economic Development, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, forthcoming, 2015); Frederick Law Olmstead, A Journey in the Back Country (Williamstown, MA: Corner House, 1972), 153–54, исходная публикация 1860 г.; Bill Cooke, “The Denial of Slavery in Management Studies,” Journal of Management Studies 40 (December 2003): 1913. Совсем недавно важность «биологических инноваций» была отражена в Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, “Biological Innovation and Productivity Growth in the Antebellum Cotton Economy,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14 142, June 2008; Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode, Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). Убедительный критический разбор также можно найти в Edward Baptist, “The Whipping-Machine” (unpublished paper, Conference on Slavery and Capitalism, Brown and Harvard Universities, March 10, 2011, находится у автора). О важности снижения цен для завоевания господства на рынках см.: Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta, “Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850,” Center for Economic Policy Research (April 12, 2005), http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/1/1626/papers/Broadberry.pdf.
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См.: по этой теме Philip McMichael, “Slavery in Capitalism: The Rise and Demise of the U.S. Ante-Bellum Cotton Culture,” Theory and Society 20 (June 1991): 335; о концепции социального метаболизма см., например: Juan Martinez Alier and Inge Ropke, eds., Recent Developments in Ecological Economics (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008); Dale W. Tomich, Through the Prism of Slavery (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 61.
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Gray, History of Agriculture, 688; Eugene Genovese, “Cotton, Slavery and Soil Exhaustion in the Old South,” Cotton History Review 2 (1961): 3–17; о ценах на рабов см.: Adam Rothman, “The Domestic Slave Trade in America: The Lifeblood of the Southern Slave System,” in Johnson, ed., The Chattel Principle,
