= English : and ; (colon and semicolon).
Greek ; (semicolon) = English ? (question mark).
Accents (S. 138-87):
Acute: ´
Circumflex: ῀
Grave: `
Syllables (S. 138-148):
The last syllable is called the ultima: σοφός.
The next to the last syllable is called the penult: νόμος.
The one before the penult is called the antepenult: ἄνθροπος.
Words are named according to their accent as follows (S. 157):
Oxytone (acute on the ultima): θήρ, καλός, λϵλυκώς.
Paroxytone (acute on the penult): λύω, λϵίπω, λϵλυκότος.
Proparoxytone (acute on the antepenult): ἄνθροπος, παδϵύομϵν.
Perispomenon (circumflex on the ultima): γῆ, θϵοῦ.
Properispomenon (circumflex on the penult): πρᾶξις, μοῦσα.
Abbreviations in the citations:
S.:
Smyth, Herbert Weir, Greek Grammar. Revised by Gordon M. Messing. Harvard University Press. 1984.
D.:
Denniston, J.D., The Greek Particle. Second Edition revised by K.J. Dover. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.. Indianapolis/Cambridge. 1991.
L. and S.:
Liddell and Scott, An Intermediate Greek Dictionary. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1986.
Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1968.
Other sources:
The Greek text was taken from The Republic of Plato. Edited with Critical Notes, Commentary and Appendices. James Adam, M.A.. Vol. 1. Cambridge at the University Press, 1902. This can be accessed at the web site: Tarik Wareh public-domain classics books – Union College (WWW1.union.edu/wareh/books).
The translation of Pindar was taken from the following text: Pindar. The Odes of Pindar. Translated by Sir John Sandys. Loeb Classical Library56. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989.
The term “substantive”:
The terms “substantive” and “used substantively” are employed freely throughout the explanations. The term “substantive” simply means “as a noun.” Greek has great flexibility in the way it creates nouns as adjectives, participles, infinitives, adverbs, and entire clauses can be used as nouns by the addition of the article. Do not be confused by the term if you are not familiar with it.
ΠΛΑΤΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΑ
“The Republic of Plato”
ΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΑΛΟΓΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΩΠΑ
“The characters in the dialogue”
ΣΩΚΡΑΤΗΣ, ΓΛΑΥΚΩΝ, ΠΟΛΕΜΑΡΧΟΣ,
ΘΡΑΣΥΜΑΧΟΣ, ΑΔΕΙΜΑΝΤΟΣ, ΚΕΦΑΛΟΣ
“Socrates, Glaucon, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus,
Adeimantus, Cephalus”
Numerous friends gather at Cephalus’ house for an evening of promised discussion. Socrates quickly turns the topic of conversation from old age to the question “what is justice?”. Three common sense definitions of the word justice are advanced but Socrates exposes weaknesses in each and they are all ultimately rejected. (327.a-336.a)
I.1: Friends meet during the festival. (327.a-328.b)
I.1.A: After witnessing a festival at the Piraeus, Socrates and Glaucon are returning to the main city of Athens when Polemarchus and other friends invite them to a gathering at the home of Cephalus, Polemarchus’ father (327.a-328.b.)
I. Κατέβην χθὲς ϵἰς Πϵιραιᾶ μϵτὰ Γλαύκωνος τοῦ Άρίστωνος, προσϵυξόμϵνός τϵ τῇ θϵῷ καὶ ἅμα τὴν ἑορτὴν βουλόμϵνος θϵάσασθαι τίνα τρόπον ποιήσουσιν, ἅτϵ νῦν πρῶτον ἄγοντϵς. (327.a)
| ἄγω: to hold, celebrate, observe.ἅμα: at the same time.Άρίστων, -ωνος, ὁ: Ariston.ἅτϵ: in as much as, seeing that.βούλομαι: to will, wish.Γλαύκων, -ωνος, ὁ: Glaucon.ϵἰς (+ acc.): to.ἑορτή, -ῆς, ἡ: festival, holiday.θϵάομαι: to view as spectators, onlookers, or bystanders.θϵός, -οῦ, ἡ: goddess.καταβαίνω: to go down from (the inland parts to the sea). | μϵτά (+ gen.): along with, together with.νῦν: now, at this very time.ὁ, τοῦ: the (son).Πϵιραιϵύς, -ῶς, ὁ: Piraeus.ποιέω: to celebrate, observe.προσϵύχομαι: to offer prayers or vows.πρῶτον: first, for the first time.τϵ … καί: and.τίς, τί: who? what? which?τρόπος, -ου ὁ: way, manner, fashion.χθές: yesterday. |
Κατέβην: First person, singular, aorist, active, indicative of καταβαίνω (S. 682). The main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (Socrates is the narrator throughout) (S. 929, 1190). The verb first is an emphatic position. The lack of a connective particle (γάρ, δέ, etc.) is rare in Greek; here only because this is the first sentence of the treatise (S. 2771).
χθὲς: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
ϵἰς Πϵιραιᾶ: Prepositional phrase; ϵἰς with the accusative here means “to” (S. 1686.1.a). Πϵιραιᾶ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128). The Piraeus is the port of Athens, located about 5 miles distant from the main city on the Aegean Sea.
μϵτὰ Γλαύκωνος τοῦ Άρίστωνος: Prepositional phrase; μϵτά with the genitive here means “along with, together with” (S. 1691.1). Γλαύκωνος: Names of persons are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned or specially marked as well known (S. 1136). τοῦ: The definite article following the noun is in apposition to Γλαύκωνος and is an ellipsis of τοῦ υἱοῦ (“the son”) (S. 987, 1301). Glaucon
